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A Systematic Review of Food Safety Risks in Plant and Seaweeds as Emerging Alernative Protein Sources

Leila Mehdizadehtapeh  -  Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Türkiye, Turkey
Elena Bancalari  -  Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy, Italy
Delia Grace  -  Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, United Kingdom, United Kingdom
Parag Acharya  -  Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, United Kingdom, United Kingdom
Maria Paciulli  -  Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy, Italy
Marcello Alinovi  -  Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy, Italy
Giovanni Sogari  -  Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy, Italy
Tanya Stathers  -  Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, United Kingdom, United Kingdom
Said Ennahli  -  Ecole Nationale d'Agriculture de Meknès, Meknès, Morocco, Morocco
Sümeyye Uçak  -  Nutrition and Dietetics Doctoral Program, School of Graduate Studies, İstinye University, Istanbul, Türkiye, Turkey
Marwa Tainsa  -  Agroalimentary, Saad Dahleb University, Blida, Algeria, Algeria
El Amine Ajal  -  UPR of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco, Morocco
Serap Andaç  -  Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul, Türkiye, Turkey
Ahmad Nimatullah Al-Baarri  -  Department of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia, Indonesia
*İsmail Hakkı Tekiner orcid scopus  -  Independent Researcher, Istanbul, Türkiye, Turkey
Open Access Copyright 2025 Journal of Applied Food Technology

Citation Format:
Abstract

Alternative plant and seaweed protein sources other than soy and pea have gained significant interest as sustainable replacements of animal proteins in the last decades. However, despite a large food safety literature base, there are concerns about their food safety risks. The current study aims to synthesize the existing knowledge and gaps on safety risks associated with brewers' spent grain (BSG), grapes, hazelnuts, potatoes, pumpkins, and seaweed. A systematic review between 2003 and 2023 was conducted in the PubMed database to identify microbial, chemical, mycotoxins, heavy metals, and allergenic risks in the key commodities. The records obtained were exported into an online reference management platform, screened by inclusion and exclusion search strings, and the duplicates were removed. Finally, two reviewers assessed the eligibility of the full-text articles. The findings demonstrated that 9127 papers were identified, and 1639 of them were left for eligibility assessment. The reviewers finally included 144 articles. Amongst the commodities, the most safety studies were on grapes, with 55 papers, followed by potatoes (n=38), seaweed (n=21), hazelnuts (n=19), pumpkin (n=9), and BSG (n=2), respectively. Based on the risk type, heavy metals were the most studied ones, with 49 papers, followed by mycotoxins (n=31), microbial risks (n=23), chemical contaminants (n=21), and allergenic risks (n=20), respectively. To meet the growing need for plant and seaweed proteins, their food safety aspects should be extensively studied to deliver safe, healthy, and affordable substitutes based on robust safety standards.

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Keywords: plant protein; seaweed protein; sustainability; food safety; health; nutrition
Funding: The IPSUS "Climate-smart food innovation using plant and seaweed proteins from upcycled sources" project is supported by Horizon 2020 ERA-Nets SUSFOOD2 and FOSC. This work is supported by TÜBİTAK TÜRKİYE 1071 Programme [Grant number: 122N018].

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