DOI: https://doi.org/10.17728/jaft.32279

Green Chitosan Extraction from Vannamei Shrimp Shell Waste Using Natural Organic Acids for Food Biopolymer Applications

*Kartika Gemma Pravitri orcid scopus  -  Departement of Food Technology, Universitas Bumigora, Jl. Ismail Marzuki No. 22, Cilinaya, Cakranegara, Mataram, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia, 83121., Indonesia
Muhammad Nizhar Naufali  -  Departement of Food Technology, Universitas Bumigora, Jl. Ismail Marzuki No. 22, Cilinaya, Cakranegara, Mataram, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia, 83121., Indonesia
Keisha Zahrani Widiyanti  -  Departement of Food Technology, Universitas Bumigora, Jl. Ismail Marzuki No. 22, Cilinaya, Cakranegara, Mataram, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia, 83121., Indonesia
Open Access Copyright 2026 Journal of Applied Food Technology

Citation Format:
Abstract

Vannamei shrimp shell waste represents a promising renewable resource for sustainable chitosan production in food biopolymer applications. This study aimed to optimize the eco-friendly extraction of chitosan from Vannamei shrimp shell waste using a combination of Averrhoa bilimbi extract and citric acid as natural organic acids during the demineralization process. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed to evaluate the effects of citric acid concentration and soaking time on ash content reduction. The optimum extraction condition was obtained at 25.260% citric acid concentration and 100.470 minutes soaking time, resulting in chitosan with 7.464% ash content. The optimized chitosan exhibited moisture, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate contents of 11.52%, 0.49%, 0.06%, and 80.45%, respectively, with a moderate degree of deacetylation (65.98%). FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of characteristic chitosan functional groups, including O–H, N–H, C–H, and C–O vibrations, indicating successful deacetylation and chitosan formation. Morphological analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed a porous and interconnected surface structure compared to commercial chitosan. In addition, the optimized chitosan showed lower ash and protein contents than commercial chitosan, indicating effective mineral and protein removal during extraction. These findings demonstrate that natural organic acids can serve as environmentally friendly alternatives to mineral acids for chitosan extraction and highlight their potential application in biodegradable food packaging and edible coating applications.

Fulltext View|Download Email colleagues
Keywords: Eco-friendly extraction; Food biopolymer; Natural organic acids; Shrimp shell waste; Sustainable food processing
Funding: Direktorat Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, Kementerian Pendidikan Tinggi, Sains, dan Teknologi under contract Penelitian dosen Pemula under contract SK No. 0070/C3/AL.04/2025

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Articles
Language : EN
  1. Affes, S., Aranaz, I., Acosta, N., Heras, Á., Nasri, M., Maalej, H. 2024. Physicochemical and biological properties of chitosan derivatives with varying molecular weight produced by chemical depolymerization. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 14(3):. DOI: 10.1007/s13399-022-02662-3
  2. Ahing, F.A., Wid, N. 2016. Optimization of shrimp shell waste deacetylation for chitosan production. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences 3(10):. DOI: 10.21833/ijaas.2016.10.006
  3. AOAC. 2023, January 4. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC INTERNATIONAL. Latimer Jr., G. W. (Ed). Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/9780197610145.001.0001
  4. Artilia, I., Dewi, Z.Y., Shofiani, W., Auli, W.N., Ahmad, N. 2023. Extraction and Characterization of Chitosan from Eco-Green Hermetia Illucens for Application in Dentistry. Key Engineering Materials 965. DOI: 10.4028/p-p8henm
  5. Borode, A., Olubambi, P. 2023. Modelling the effects of mixing ratio and temperature on the thermal conductivity of GNP-Alumina hybrid nanofluids: A comparison of ANN, RSM, and linear regression methods. Heliyon 9(8):. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19228
  6. Das, P., Bal, M. 2025. Modeling and optimization study for microplastic removal from aquatic medium using Chroococcidiopsis species. Chemical Engineering Science 304. DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2024.121085
  7. El-Araby, A., Ghadraoui, L. El, Errachidi, F. 2022. Physicochemical properties and functional characteristics of ecologically extracted shrimp chitosans with different organic acids during demineralization step. Molecules 27(23): 8285. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238285
  8. Elhaes, H., Ezzat, H.A., Ibrahim, A., Samir, M., Refaat, A., Ibrahim, M.A. 2024. Spectroscopic, Hartree–Fock and DFT study of the molecular structure and electronic properties of functionalized chitosan and chitosan-graphene oxide for electronic applications. Optical and Quantum Electronics 56(3):. DOI: 10.1007/s11082-023-05978-0
  9. Espinosa-Solís, A., Velázquez-Segura, A., Lara-Rodríguez, C., Martínez, L.M., Chuck-Hernández, C., Rodríguez-Sifuentes, L. 2024. Optimizing Chitin Extraction and Chitosan Production from House Cricket Flour. Processes 12(3):. DOI: 10.3390/pr12030464
  10. Fajriani, N., Sudarmin, A., Syam, H., Sukainah, A. 2024. Effectiveness of Using Natural Coagulants in Making Koro Pedang Tofu. 2(1): 11–17. DOI: 10.26858/jai.V2i1.63295
  11. Ghanem, S.N., Marzouk, M.I., Tawfik, M.E., Eskander, S.B. 2025. Spectroscopic approaches for structural analysis of extracted chitosan generated from chitin deacetylated for escalated periods. BMC chemistry 19(1): 214. Springer. DOI: 10.1186/s13065-025-01558-3
  12. Głąb, M., Kudłacik-Kramarczyk, S., Drabczyk, A., Guigou, M.D., Sobczak-Kupiec, A., Mierzwiński, D., Gajda, P., Walter, J., Tyliszczak, B. 2021. Multistep chemical processing of crickets leading to the extraction of chitosan used for synthesis of polymer drug carriers. Materials 14(17):. DOI: 10.3390/ma14175070
  13. Hahn, T., Egger, J., Krake, S., Dyballa, M., Stegbauer, L., Seggern, N. von, Bruheim, I., Zibek, S. 2024. Comprehensive characterization and evaluation of the process chain and products from Euphausia superba exocuticles to chitosan. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 141(2):. DOI: 10.1002/app.54789
  14. Harish, V., Almalki, W.H., Alshehri, A., Alzahrani, A., Gupta, M.M., Alzarea, S.I., Kazmi, I., Gulati, M., Tewari, D., Gupta, G., Dua, K., Singh, S.K. 2023. Quality by Design (QbD) Based Method for Estimation of Xanthohumol in Bulk and Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Validation. Molecules 28(2):. DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020472
  15. Hazmi, A.D., Taib, A.F.M., Yahya, S., Alias, N.Z. 2024. Oxalic Acid from Averrhoa bilimbi L. as a Bleaching Agent. Malaysian Journal of Chemistry 26(5):. DOI: 10.55373/mjchem.v26i5.407
  16. Hejazi, T.H. 2022. A scenario-based desirability function for correlated multi-response optimization problems considering modeling and implementation errors. Journal of Computational Science 63. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocs.2022.101764
  17. Hilyana, S., Amir, S., Alim, S., Scabra, A.R., Muahiddah, N., Diamahesa, W.A. 2023. Produksi Dan Komersialisasi Udang Vanamei Salinitas Rendah Di Desa Sokong, Lombok Utara. Jurnal Abdi Insani 10(2): 761–770. DOI: 10.29303/abdiinsani.v10i2.950
  18. Hosney, A., Ullah, S., Barčauskaitė, K. 2022. A review of the chemical extraction of chitosan from shrimp wastes and prediction of factors affecting chitosan yield by using an artificial neural network. Marine Drugs 20(11): 675. DOI: 10.3390/md20110675
  19. Hosney, A., Urbonavičius, M., Varnagiris, Š., Ignatjev, I., Ullah, S., Barčauskaitė, K. 2025. Feasibility study on optimizing chitosan extraction and characterization from shrimp biowaste via acidic demineralization. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 15(8):. DOI: 10.1007/s13399-024-06017-y
  20. Hussein, E.M., Desoky, W.M., Hanafy, M.F., Guirguis, O.W. 2021. Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the structural configurations and thermal, mechanical, and optical properties of chitosan/TiO2 nanoparticle composites. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 152. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpcs.2021.109983
  21. Iancu, V., Roncea, F., Cazacincu, R.G., Lupu, C.E., Miresan, H., Dănăilă, C.N., Rosca, C., Lupuleasa, D. 2016. Response surface methodology for optimization of diclofenac sodium orodispersible tablets (ODTs). Farmacia 64 210–216
  22. Iber, B.T., Kasan, N.A., Torsabo, D., Omuwa, J.W. 2022. A review of various sources of chitin and chitosan in nature. Journal of Renewable Materials. DOI: 10.32604/jrm.2022.018142
  23. Iwansyah, A.C., Desnilasari, D., Agustina, W., Pramesti, D., Indriati, A., Mayasti, N.K.I., Andriana, Y., Kormin, F.B. 2021. Evaluation on the physicochemical properties and mineral contents of averrhoa bilimbi l. Leaves dried extract and its antioxidant and antibacterial capacities. Food Science and Technology (Brazil) 41(4):. DOI: 10.1590/fst.15420
  24. Kadak, A.E., Küçükgülmez, A., Çelik, M. 2023. Preparation and characterization of crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) chitosan with different deacetylation degrees. Iranian Journal of Biotechnology 21(2): e3253. DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2023.323958.3253
  25. Katsoulis, Rovoli. 2021. Optimization of Chitin Extraction, Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Chitosan Production from Shells of Karamote Shrimp Peneaus (Melicertus) Kerathurus in Western Greece. Journal of Veterinary Science & Medicine 9(1):. DOI: 10.13188/2325-4645.1000052
  26. Kızılkaya, P., Kaya, M. 2024. Chitosan/TiO2/Rosmarinic acid bio-nanocomposite coatings: characterization and preparation. Journal of Composites Science 9(1): 2. DOI: 10.3390/jcs9010002
  27. Luis Pérez, C.J. 2021. On the application of a design of experiments along with an anfis and a desirability function to model response variables. Symmetry 13(5):. DOI: 10.3390/sym13050897
  28. Mahin, M.I., Rashid, M.H.-A., Mredul, A.R. 2025. Effects of shrimp chitosan based edible coating on the shelf life of selected vegetables in context of attaining SDGs. Applied Food Research 5(1): 100682. DOI: 10.1016/j.afres.2024.100682
  29. Nandiyanto, A.B.D., Ragadhita, R., Fiandini, M. 2023. Interpretation of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FTIR): A Practical Approach in the Polymer/Plastic Thermal Decomposition. Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 8(1):. DOI: 10.17509/ijost.v8i1.53297
  30. Nshizirungu, T., Rana, M., Jo, Y.T., Uwiragiye, E., Kim, J., Park, J.H. 2024. Ultrasound-assisted sustainable recycling of valuable metals from spent Li-ion batteries via optimisation using response surface methodology. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 12(2):. DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2024.112371
  31. Olaosebikan, A.O., Kehinde, O.A., Tolulase, O.A., Victor, E.B. 2021. Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from Callinectes amnicola and Penaeus notialis shell wastes. Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science 12(1):. DOI: 10.5897/jcems2020.0353
  32. Osiriphun, S., Jirarattanarangsri, W., Laokuldilok, T. 2025. Valorization of shrimp waste: Chitosan extraction, formulation, and antimicrobial assessment of a novel antiseptic mouth spray. Food Chemistry Advances 9. DOI: 10.1016/j.focha.2025.101178
  33. Ozel, N., Elibol, M. 2024. Chitin and chitosan from mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) using deep eutectic solvents. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 262. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130110
  34. Peng, X., Yang, G., Shi, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhang, M., Li, S. 2020. Box–Behnken design based statistical modeling for the extraction and physicochemical properties of pectin from sunflower heads and the comparison with commercial low-methoxyl pectin. Scientific Reports 10(1):. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60339-1
  35. Pérez, W.A., Marín, J.A., López, J.N., Burgos, M.A., Rios, L.A. 2022. Development of a Pilot-ecofriendly Process for Chitosan Production from Waste Shrimp Shells. Environmental Processes 9(3):. DOI: 10.1007/s40710-022-00605-8
  36. Pramitha, V.S., Sajeetha, S.B., Alsif, H., Aiswarya, A., Fathima, J.A.R., Aryaraj, D. 2021. Characterization and bioactivity study of chitosan based nanomaterial from exoskeleton waste of Parapaeneopsis stylifera. Research Square. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-508681/v1
  37. Pravitri, K.G., Naufali, M.N., Hidayatullah, A. 2025. Testing the effectiveness of vannamei shrimp shell chitosan extraction with variations of organic acids in the demineralization stage: Pengujian Efektivitas Ekstraksi Kitosan Kulit Udang Vannamei dengan Variasi Jenis Asam Organik dalam Tahapan Demineralis. JITIPARI (Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi dan Industri Pangan UNISRI) 10(1): 78–90. DOI: 10.33061/jitipari.v10i1.11536
  38. Psarianos, M., Ojha, S., Schneider, R., Schlüter, O.K. 2022. Chitin Isolation and Chitosan Production from House Crickets (Acheta domesticus) by Environmentally Friendly Methods. Molecules 27(15):. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27155005
  39. Purnawan, C.P.C., Wibowo, A.H.W.A.H., Samiyatun, S. 2012. Kajian Ikatan Hidrogen Dan Kristalinitas Kitosan Dalam Proses Adsorbsi Ion Logam Perak (Ag). Molekul 7(2): 121–129
  40. Rajewski, J., Dobrzyńska-Inger, A. 2021. Application of response surface methodology (Rsm) for the optimization of chromium(iii) synergistic extraction by supported liquid membrane. Membranes 11(11):. DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110854
  41. Sajedifar, J., Mortazavi, S.B., Mahabadi, H.A. 2024. Performance analysis, statistical modeling, and multiple response optimization of a novel fixed-bed quartz reactor packed with Ba-Pt@ γ-AL2O3 using response surface methodology. Heliyon 10(19): e38087. Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38087
  42. Sánchez-Machado, D.I., López-Cervantes, J., Escárcega-Galaz, A.A., Campas-Baypoli, O.N., Martínez-Ibarra, D.M., Rascón-León, S. 2024. Measurement of the degree of deacetylation in chitosan films by FTIR, 1H NMR and UV spectrophotometry. MethodsX 12. DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102583
  43. Sarbon, N.M., Sandanamsamy, S., Kamaruzaman, S.F.S., Ahmad, F. 2015. Chitosan extracted from mud crab (Scylla olivicea) shells: physicochemical and antioxidant properties. Journal of food science and technology 52(7): 4266–4275. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1522-4
  44. Sarofa, U., Rosida, D.F., Khafsa, N. 2025. The role of base types and concentration in the deacetylation process of manufacturing chitosan from green mussel shells (Perna viridis). Food Research 9(1):. DOI: 10.26656/fr.2017.9(1).405
  45. Seangarun, C., Seesanong, S., Boonchom, B., Laohavisuti, N., Rungrojchaipon, P., Boonmee, W., Punthipayanon, S., Thongkam, M. 2025. Extraction of Chitin, Chitosan, and Calcium Acetate from Mussel Shells for Sustainable Waste Management. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26(15):. DOI: 10.3390/ijms26157107
  46. Septiani, I., Supriyo, E. 2022. Optimasi Pembuatan Kitosan Dari Limbah Cangkang Bekicot (Achatina fulica) Menggunakan Factorial Design 2 Pangkat 3. METANA 18(1): 65–70. Universitas Diponegoro. DOI: 10.14710/metana.v18i1.46292
  47. Sheikh, M., Mehnaz, S., Sadiq, M.B. 2021. Prevalence of fungi in fresh tomatoes and their control by chitosan and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel essential oil coating. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 101(15):. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11291
  48. Smanalieva, J., Iskakova, J., Musulmanova, M., Giertlová, A., Porubská, J. 2025. Development of Kyrgyz food composition tables: Limitations and challenges. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 143. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2025.107567
  49. Syandri, H., Azrita, A., Elfrida, E., Aryani, N. 2025. Functional characterization of gelatin from freshwater fish scales using Averrhoa bilimbi acid pretreatment. AACL Bioflux 18(2):
  50. Tertsegha, S., Akubor, P.I., Iordekighir, A.A., Christopher, K., Okike, O.O. 2024. Extraction and characterization of chitosan from snail shells (Achatina fulica). Journal of food quality and hazards control 11(3): 186–196. DOI: 10.18502/jfqhc.11.3.16590
  51. Tissera, W.M.J.C.M., Rathnayake, S.I., Abeyrathne, E.D.N.S., Nam, K.-C. 2021. An improved extraction and purification method for obtaining high-quality chitin and chitosan from blue swimmer (Portunus pelagicus) crab shell waste. Food science and biotechnology 30(13): 1645–1655. Korea (South). DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-01002-x
  52. Tkachenko, I. V., Antonenko, A.M., Vavrinevych, O.P., Omelchuk, S.T., Bardov, V.G. 2022. Substantion Of The Need For Monitoring In Environmental Objects Of Insecticides From The Class Of Tetramic And Tetronic Acid Derivatives Taking Into Account Their Specific Influence On The Human Organism. Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960) 75(6):. DOI: 10.36740/wlek202207109
  53. Vicente, F.A., Hren, R., Novak, U., Čuček, L., Likozar, B., Vujanović, A. 2024. Energy demand distribution and environmental impact assessment of chitosan production from shrimp shells. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 192. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.114204
  54. Wang, J., Zhuang, S. 2022. Chitosan-based materials: Preparation, modification and application. Journal of Cleaner Production 355 131825. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131825
  55. Wardhani, L.A.K., Arifilla, T.D., Karaman, N. 2024. Pembuatan Tembaga Sulfat dari Limbah Padat Tembaga dengan Proses Kristalisasi Panas. G-Tech: Jurnal Teknologi Terapan 8(3): 1931–1939. DOI: 10.33379/gtech.v8i3.4680
  56. Widyastuti, W. 2023. Perbandingan Karakteristik Dan Kualitas Kitosan Dari Kulit Udang Jerbung (Penaeus merguiensis De Man) Dan Udang Windu (Penaeus monodon Fabricius). SITAWA : Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Obat Tradisional 2(1):. DOI: 10.62018/sitawa.v2i1.24
  57. Younes, I., Rinaudo, M. 2015. Chitin and chitosan preparation from marine sources. Structure, properties and applications. Marine Drugs. DOI: 10.3390/md13031133
  58. Zamani Mazdeh, F., Salami, F., Niazi, F., Chalipour, A., Tamiji, Z., Amini, M., Salehifar, M., Hajimahmoodi, M. 2025. Comprehensive Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Malt Beverages: A Chemometric Approach for Quality Control. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 27(3):. DOI: 10.22034/jast.27.3.617
  59. Zhang, J., Zhang, S., Niu, J., Dong, Z., Xu, J., Cui, T., Lei, C. 2025. Direct synthesis of α-Carboxyl-ω-Hydroxyl polymers by catalyst and initiator in the same molecule. European Polymer Journal 223. DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2024.113656

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update:

No citation recorded.