DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/dijb.5.2.2022.90-108

Hybrid and inclusive entrepreneurship as the determinants of self-employment: The mediating role of entrepreneurial atmosphere

College of Business Administration, Chonnam National University, South Korea

Open Access Copyright 2022 Diponegoro International Journal of Business under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

Citation Format:
Abstract
This study examines how hybrid entrepreneurship and inclusive entrepreneurship elucidate self-employment. In addition, consider the entrepreneurial atmosphere as a mediator. Using 118 country cases from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and World Economic Forum Growth and Development Index employs a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) configuration approach embracing the phenomenon's complexity. This study advances the set-theoretic configuration by examining powerful, evocative terms. The findings of the analysis are as follows. First, both hybrid and inclusive entrepreneurship elucidate an important relationship with self-employment. Second, the elucidation of the terms varies according to the dissimilar economic context. Third, social norms and culture toward self-employment are a dominant influence to play a significant elucidation enabling hybrid entrepreneurship and inclusive entrepreneurship. This study distinguishes several valuable implications for academia, practitioners, and policymakers.
Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: hybrid entrepreneurship; inclusive entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial atmosphere; self-employment; advanced and emerging economies

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Articles
Language : EN
Recent articles
Front matter Back matter The impact of motivation to share on the continuance of collaborative participation mediated by attitude toward consumption based on sharing economy platform Discovering advancement in technology and mass media influence on gen Y male fashion consciousness Hybrid and inclusive entrepreneurship as the determinants of self-employment: The mediating role of entrepreneurial atmosphere More recent articles
  1. Acemoglu, D., and Robinson, J.A. (2012), Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. Crown Books
  2. Aladejebi, O. (2020), 'Hybrid entrepreneurship: Combining employment and self-employment in Nigeria', Archives of Business Review, Vol. 8, No. 7, pp. 404-417, https://doi.org/10.14738/abr.87.8725
  3. Alberti, F. G., and Varon, G. M. A. (2017), Can profit and sustainability goals coexist? New business model for hybrid firms, Journal of Business Strategy, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 3-13, https://doi.org/10.1108/JBS-12-2015-0124
  4. Alvaredo, F., Chancel, L., Piketty, T., Saez, E., and Zucman, G. (2018), 'The elephant curve of global inequality and growth', In AEA Papers and Proceedings, Vol. 108, pp. 103-08, https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181073
  5. Bapuji, H., Ertug, G., Shaw, J.D. (2020), 'Organizations and societal economic inequality: A review and way forward', Academy Management. Annals, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 60.91, https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2018.0029
  6. Bogenhold, D. (2019a), Are hybrids the new normal? A labor market perspective on hybrid self-employment, International Review of Entrepreneurship, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 1-19
  7. Bogenhold, D. (2019b), 'Changing ideas and contours of entrepreneurship in the history of thought: On the fluidity and indefiniteness of a team', International Review of Entrepreneurship, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 145-168
  8. Bogenhold, D. (2019c), 'From hybrid entrepreneurs to entrepreneurial billionaires: Observations on the socioeconomic heterogeneity of self-employment', American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 129-146, https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218794231
  9. Brandle, L., and Kuckertz, A. (2021), 'Staged entrepreneurship: The formation of hybrid and spawning entrepreneurial intentions', pp. 1-42, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-021-01074-5
  10. Bruton, G., Sutter, Ch., and Lenz, A. K. (2021), 'Economic inequality – Is entrepreneurship the cause or the solution? A review and research agenda for emerging economies', Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 36, 106095, pp. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2021.106095
  11. Bruton, G. D., Zahra, Sh. A., and Cai, L. (2018), 'Examining entrepreneurship thought indigenous lenses', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 351-361, https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258717741129
  12. Caines, V., Earl, J. K., and Bordia, P. (2019), 'Self-employment in later life: How future time perspective and social support influence self-employment interest', Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 10, 448, pp. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00448
  13. Chen, H., and Tian, Zh. (2022), 'Environment uncertainty, resource orchestration and digital transformation: A fuzzy-set QCA approach', Journal of Business Research, Vol. 139, pp. 184-193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.09.048
  14. Dabla-Norris, E., Kochhar, K., Suphahphiphat, N., Ricka, F., and Tsounta, E. (2015), Causes and consequences of income inequality: A global perspective. In: IMF Staff Discussion Notes 15(13), International Monetary Fund
  15. Demir, C., Werner, A., Kraus, S., and Jones, P. (2020), 'Hybrid entrepreneurship: A systematic literature review', Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 29-52, https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2020.1764738
  16. De Crescenzo, V., Ribeiro-Soriano, D. E., and Govin, J. G. (2020), 'Exploring the viability of equity crowdfunding as a fundraising instrument: A configurational analysis of contingency factors that lead to crowdfunding success and failure', Journal of Business Research, Vol. 115, pp. 348-356, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.051
  17. De Sousa, T. A. S., and Comini, G. (2012), 'Inclusive business and poverty: Prospects in the Brazilian context', Revista Adminstrcao, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 410-421, https://doi.org/10.5700/rausp1047
  18. Drescher, M. A. (2018), 'Fostering (hybrid) entrepreneurship: Results from the Amway Global Entrepreneurship Report 2018', Entreprendre and Innover, Vol. 3, No. 34, pp. 83-89, https://doi.org/10.3917/entin.034.0083
  19. Dufays, F., and Huybrechts, B. (2016), Where do hybrids come from? Entrepreneurial team heterogeneity as an avenue for the emergence of hybrid organizations', International Small Business Journal, Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 777-796, https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242615585152
  20. Du, Y., and Kim, Ph. H. (2021), 'One size does not fit all: Strategy configurations, complex environments, and new venture performance in emerging economies', Journal of Business Research, Vol. 124, pp. 272-285, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.11.059
  21. Ferreira, C. C. (2020), 'Experiential learning theory and hybrid entrepreneurship: Factors influencing the transition to full-time entrepreneurship', International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, Vol. 26, No. 8, pp. 1845-1863, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2019-0668
  22. Fiss, P. C. (2011), 'Building better causal theories: A fuzzy set approach to typologies in organization research', Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 393-420, https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2011.60263120
  23. Folta, T. B., Delmar, F., and Wennberg, K. (2010), 'Hybrid entrepreneurship', Management Science, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 253-269, https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1090.1094
  24. Gehman, J., and Soubliere, J. F. (2017), 'Cultural entrepreneurship: From making culture to cultural making', Innovation Organization and Management, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 61-73, https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14479338.2016.1268521
  25. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor – GEM (2022), Retrieved from https://www.gemconsortium.org/
  26. Greckhamer, T., Furnari, S., Fiss, P.C., and Aguilera, R. V. (2018), 'Studying configurations with qualitative comparative analysis: Best practices in strategy and organization research', Strategic Organization, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 482-495, https://10.1177/1476127018786487
  27. Gruber, M., and McMillan, I. C. (2017), 'Entrepreneurial behavior: A reconceptualization and extension based on identity theory', Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, Vol. 11, pp. 271-286, https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1262
  28. Kraus, S., Ribeiro-Soriano, D. E., and Schussler, M. (2018), 'Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) in entrepreneurship and innovation research – the rise of a method', International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 15-33, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0461-8
  29. Kurczewska, A., Mackiewicz, M., Doryn, W., and Wawrzyniak, D. (2020), 'Peculiarity of hybrid entrepreneurs – revising Lazear's theory of entrepreneurship', Journal of Business Economics and Management, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 277-300, https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2020.11959
  30. Lloyd-Ellis, H., and Bernhardt, D. (2000),' Enterprise, inequality, and economic development', Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 147-167
  31. Lounsbury, M., and Glynn, M. A. (2001), 'Cultural entrepreneurship: Stories, legitimacy, and the acquisition of resources', Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 22, pp. 545-564, https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.188
  32. Misangyi, V. F., Greckhamer, Th., Furnari, S., Fiss, P. C., Crilly, D., and Aguilera, R. (2017), 'Embracing causal complexity: The emergence of a Neo-configurational perspective', Journal of Management, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 255-282, https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316679252
  33. OECD (2021), The Missing Entrepreneurs 2021: Policies for Inclusive Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/71b7a9bb-en
  34. ------- (2017), The Missing Entrepreneurs 2017: Policies for Inclusive Entrepreneurship, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264283602-en
  35. ------- (2013), The Missing Entrepreneurs: Policies for Inclusive Entrepreneurship, OECD Publishing, Paris
  36. ------- (2011), Divided we stand, Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/49170768.pdf
  37. Parastuty, Z., and Bogenhold, D. (2019), Paving the way for self-employment: Does society matter? Sustainability, Vol. 11, No. 3, 747, https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030747
  38. Patel, P. C., and Thatcher, Sh. M. B. (2014), 'Sticking it out: Individual attributes and persistence in self-employment', Journal of Management, Vol. 40, No. 7, pp. 1932-1979, https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312446643
  39. Piketty, Th. (2014), 'Capital in the twenty-first century: A multidimensional approach to the history of capital ans social classes', The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12115
  40. Pilkova, A., Jancovicova, Z., and Kovacicova, Z. (2016), 'Inclusive entrepreneurship in visegrad4 countries', Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 220, pp. 312-320, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.504
  41. Pollack, J. M., Carr, J. C., Michaelis, T. I., and Marshall, D. R. (2019), 'Hybrid entrepreneurs' self-efficacy and persistence change: A longitudinal exploration', Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Vol. 12, e00143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00143
  42. Prahalad, C. K. (2009). The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid, revised and updated 5th anniversary edition: Eradicating poverty through profits. Upper Saddle River: FT Press
  43. Prahalad, C. K. (2004). The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits. Wharton School Publishing
  44. Qiang, L., Likai, Z., Xueru, Y., and Bo, K. (2016), 'Research on mechanism of government support on inclusive entrepreneurship: Case study of Jieyang Junpu rural e-commerce entrepreneurial cluster'. South China Journal of Economics, Vol. 1, pp. 42.56
  45. Ragin, C. C. (2018), User's guide to fuzzy-set/Qualitative Comparative Analysis 3.0. Irvin, California: Department of Sociology, University of California
  46. Ragin, C. C. (2008), Redesigning social inquiry: Fuzzy sets and beyond, The University of Chicago Press
  47. Ragin, C. C. (2006), 'Set relations in social research: Evaluating their consistency and coverage', Political Analysis, Vol. 14, pp. 291-310, https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpj019
  48. Raffiee, J., and Feng, J. (2014), Should I quite my day job? A hybrid path to entrepreneurship, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 936-963, https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2012.0522
  49. Shaheen, G. E. (2016), 'Inclusive entrepreneurship: A process for improving self-employment for people with disabilities', Journal of Policy Practice, Vol. 15, Nos. 1-2, pp. 58-81, https://doi.org/10.1080/15588742.2016.1109963
  50. Shepherd, D. A., Williams, T. A. and Zhao, E. Y. (2019), 'A framework for exploring the degree of hybrid in entrepreneurship', Academy of Management Perspective, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 491-512, https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2018.0013
  51. Schneider, C. Q., and Wagemann, C. (2012), Set-theoretic methods for the social science: A guide to qualitative comparative analysis, Cambridge University Press
  52. Schulz, M., Urbig, D., and Procher, V. (2016), 'Hybrid entrepreneurship and public policy: The case of firm entry deregulation', Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 272-286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.01.002
  53. Solesvik, M. Z. (2017), 'Hybrid entrepreneurship: How and why entrepreneurs combine employment with self-employment', Technology Innovation Management Review, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 33-41, http://timreview.ca/article/1063
  54. Szaban, J., and Skrzek, L. M. (2018), 'Self-employment and entrepreneurship: A theoretical approach', Journal of Management and Business Administration. Central Europe, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 89-120, https://doi.org/10.7206/jmba.ce.2450-7814.230
  55. Thomas, O. O., and Okunbanjo, O. I. (2021), 'Hybrid entrepreneurship as a tool for poverty reduction in Nigeria: A review of literature with qualitative research and content analysis', Emerging Markets Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 41-49, https://doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2021.216
  56. Thorgren, S., Siren, Ch., Nordstrom, C., and Wincent, J. (2016), 'Hybrid entrepreneurs' second choice: The nonlinear relationship between age and intention to enter full-time entrepreneurship', Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Vol. 5, pp. 14-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2015.12.001
  57. Thorgren, S., Nordstrom, C., and Wincent, J. (2014), 'Hybrid entrepreneurship: The importance of passion', Baltic Journal of Management, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 314-329, https://doi.org/10.1108/BJM-11-2013-0175
  58. Wang, Q., and Richardson, L. (2021), 'Fostering art and cultural entrepreneurship in underserved communities: A case study of Newark, NJ', Journal of Planning Education and Research, pp. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X211035836
  59. Wang, L., Prieto, L., and Hinrichs, K, T. (2010), 'Direct and indirect effects of individual and environmental factors on motivation for self-employment', Journal of Development Entrepreneurship, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 481-502, https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946710001671
  60. Webb, J., Kistruck, G.M., Ireland, R.D., and Ketchen, D.J. (2010), 'The entrepreneurship process in base of the pyramid markets: The case of multinational enterprise/nongovernment organization alliances', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 555-581, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00349.x
  61. Weidner, K. L., Rosa, J. A., and Viswanathan, M. (2010), 'Marketing to subsistence consumers: Lessons from practice', Journal of Business Research, Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 559-569, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.02.022
  62. Pappas, Il. O., and Woodside, A. G. (2021), 'Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA): Guidelines for research practice in information systems and marketing', International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 58, 102310, pp. 1-23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102310
  63. Woodside, A. G. (2017), The complexity turn: Cultural, management, and marketing applications. Berlin: Springer
  64. World Economic Forum – WEF (2017), 'The Inclusive Growth and Development Report 2017', Retrieved from www.weforum.org
  65. Wry, T., Lounsbury, M., and Glynn, M. A. (2011), 'Legitimating nascent collective identities: Coordinating cultural entrepreneurship', Organization Science, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 449-463, https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1100.0613
  66. Xi, G., Block, J., Lasch, F., Robert, F., and Thurik, R. (2017), 'Mode of entry into hybrid entrepreneurship: New venture start-up versus business takeover', Discussion Papers Series IZA Institute of Labor Economics DP No. 11104, pp. 1-33, https://www.iza.org
  67. Zahra, Sh. A., Wright, M., and Abdelgawad, S. G. (2014), 'Contextualization and the advancement of entrepreneurship research', International Small Business Journal, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 479-500, https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242613519807
  68. Zhao, Y., Wang, A., Chen, Y., and Liu, W. (2021), 'Investigating inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem through the lens of bottom of pyramid (BoP) theory: Case study of Taobao village in China', Chinese Management Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 613-640, https://doi.org/10.1108/CMS-05-2020-0210

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update:

No citation recorded.