Emisi Karbon dan Produk Domestik Bruto: Investigasi Hipotesis Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) pada Negara Berpendapatan Menengah di Kawasan ASEAN

Muhamad Ameer Noor; Putu Mahardika Adi Saputra

doi:10.14710/jwl.8.3.230-246

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jwl.8.3.230-246

Emisi Karbon dan Produk Domestik Bruto: Investigasi Hipotesis Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) pada Negara Berpendapatan Menengah di Kawasan ASEAN

Muhamad Ameer Noor - Jurusan Ilmu Ekonomi, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia

*Putu Mahardika Adi Saputra

- Jurusan Ilmu Ekonomi, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

BibTex Citation Data :

@article{JWL8667,
    author = {Muhamad Ameer Noor and Putu Mahardika Adi Saputra},
    title = {Emisi Karbon dan Produk Domestik Bruto: Investigasi Hipotesis Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) pada Negara Berpendapatan Menengah di Kawasan ASEAN},
    journal = {Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan},
  volume = {8},
    number = {3},
    year = {2020},
    keywords = {ASEAN; carbon emission; environmental kuznets curve; middle-income countries},
    abstract = {Policymakers in the world are concerned with carbon emission due to the risk of global warming. Many studies on Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) consider carbon emission as a proxy of environmental degradation. This study aimed to investigate the existence of EKC and identify variations of relationships between carbon emissions and GDP per capita in ASEAN middle-income countries. The study was conducted on Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, and Malaysia based on 1971-2014 time series data using a simultaneous model (2SLS) for each country. The main variables studied were GDP per capita, square of GDP per capita, and carbon emission supported by other variables as the controlling variables. Validation on EKC existence was determined by GDP and GDP squared influence on carbon emission, while variations of relationship between GDP and carbon emission were based on the result of simultaneous regressions. The results showed that the existence of the EKC could not be validated in all countries because energy and transportation policies in each country failed to reduce the emission. On the other hand, carbon emission had a positive unidirectional influence on GDP in all countries. The effect of carbon emission coefficient to GDP showed that Thailand ranked the highest in CO2 efficiency, followed by Indonesia, Philippines, and Malaysia. This study recommended that carbon emission reduction policies in the four countries should focus more to easier access to environmentally friendly technology from developed countries for ensuring trade-offs between the economy and environment.},
   issn = {2407-8751},   pages = {230--246}  doi = {10.14710/jwl.8.3.230-246},
    url = {https://ejournal2.undip.ac.id/index.php/jwl/article/view/8667}
}

Citation Format:

Abstract

Policymakers in the world are concerned with carbon emission due to the risk of global warming. Many studies on Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) consider carbon emission as a proxy of environmental degradation. This study aimed to investigate the existence of EKC and identify variations of relationships between carbon emissions and GDP per capita in ASEAN middle-income countries. The study was conducted on Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, and Malaysia based on 1971-2014 time series data using a simultaneous model (2SLS) for each country. The main variables studied were GDP per capita, square of GDP per capita, and carbon emission supported by other variables as the controlling variables. Validation on EKC existence was determined by GDP and GDP squared influence on carbon emission, while variations of relationship between GDP and carbon emission were based on the result of simultaneous regressions. The results showed that the existence of the EKC could not be validated in all countries because energy and transportation policies in each country failed to reduce the emission. On the other hand, carbon emission had a positive unidirectional influence on GDP in all countries. The effect of carbon emission coefficient to GDP showed that Thailand ranked the highest in CO2 efficiency, followed by Indonesia, Philippines, and Malaysia. This study recommended that carbon emission reduction policies in the four countries should focus more to easier access to environmentally friendly technology from developed countries for ensuring trade-offs between the economy and environment.

Note: This article has supplementary file(s).

Fulltext View|Download | Copyright Transfer Agreement

Copyright Transfer Agreement

Subject
Type	Copyright Transfer Agreement
	Download (659KB) Indexing metadata

Keywords: ASEAN; carbon emission; environmental kuznets curve; middle-income countries

Article Metrics:

Article Info

Section: Research Articles

Language : ID

In Vol 8, No 3 (2020): December 2020

Recent articles

Emisi Karbon dan Produk Domestik Bruto: Investigasi Hipotesis Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) pada Negara Berpendapatan Menengah di Kawasan ASEAN Kajian Daya Dukung Lingkungan dalam Pemanfaatan Ruang di Kawasan Bandung Utara Analisis Pemangku Kepentingan dalam Pengembangan Kawasan Cagar Budaya sebagai Destinasi Wisata Kota Pontianak More recent articles

Anatasia, V. (2015). The causal relationship between GDP, exports, energy consumption, and CO2 in Thailand and Malaysia. International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(4), 37–48
Ang, J. B. (2007). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and output in France. Energy Policy, 35(10), 4772–4778. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2007.03.032
Association des Constructeurs Europeens d’Automobiles. (2019). Interactive map: Electric vehicle purchase incentives per country in Europe. Retrieved from https://www.acea.be/statistics/article/interactive-map-electric-vehicle-incentives-per-country-in-europe-2018
Azlina, A. A., Law, S. H., & Mustapha, N. H. N. (2014). Dynamic linkages among transport energy consumption, income and CO2 emission in Malaysia. Energy Policy, 73, 598–606. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2014.05.046
Bachelard, M. (2014). World’s worst illegal logging in Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.smh.com.au/national/victoria/worlds-worst-illegal-logging-in-indonesia-20140629-zsq5j.html
Bloomberg. (2019). China considers cutting electric-car subsidies again. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-08/china-is-considering-cutting-electric-car-subsidies-again
British Petroleum. (2019). Statistical review of world energy 2019. London: British Petroleum
Bunye, P. (2019). Philippines energy outlook 2020. Retrieved from https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/energy-laws-and-regulations/philippines#chaptercontent3
Caraka, R. E., Saputra, P. M. A., Wijaya, N., Ulkhaq, M. M., & Subair, M. (2018). Postal and trade network data within ASEAN countries and beyond. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1025). doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1025/1/012117
Ciarreta, A., Espinosa, M. P., & Pizarro-Irizar, C. (2014). Is green energy expensive? Empirical evidence from the Spanish electricity market. Energy Policy, 69, 205–215. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2014.02.025
Climate Action. (2017). Sweden and Norway to extend renewable power subsidy scheme. Retrieved from https://www.climateaction.org/news/sweden-and-norway-to-extend-renewable-power-subsidy-scheme
Detragiache, E., & Gupta, P. (2006). Foreign banks in emerging market crises: Evidence from Malaysia. Journal of Financial Stability, 2(3), 217–242. doi: 10.1016/j.jfs.2006.06.001
Dudley, D. (2019). Renewable energy costs take another tumble, making fossil fuels look more expensive than ever. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/dominicdudley/2019/05/29/renewable-energy-costs-tumble/?sh=57b22990e8ce
Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia. (2017). Energy and transport policy in Malaysia. In H. Kondo & I. Kutani (Eds.), Sustainable development of the transport sector: Malaysia (ERIA Research, pp. 3–19). Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia. Retrieved from https://www.eria.org/uploads/media/11.ERIA_RPR_2017_10_Chapter_2.pdf
Fraas, L. M. (2014). History of solar cell development. In Low-cost solar electric power (pp. 1–12). Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-07530-3
Ghosh, A., & Rajan, R. S. (2009). Exchange rate pass-through in Korea and Thailand: Trends and determinants. Japan and the World Economy, 21(1), 55–70. doi: 10.1016/j.japwor.2008.01.002
Ghosh, S. (2010). Examining carbon emissions economic growth nexus for India: A multivariate cointegration approach. Energy Policy, 38(6), 3008–3014. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.01.040
Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353–377. doi: 10.2307/2118443
Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic econometrics (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education
Gunawan, H., & Budi, G. S. (2017). Kajian emisi kendaraan di persimpangan Surabaya Tengah dan Timur serta potensi pengaruh terhadap kesehatan lingkungan setempat. Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan, 5(2), 113–124. doi: 10.14710/jwl.5.2.113-124
Halicioglu, F. (2009). An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156–1164. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2008.11.012
Hitz, S., & Smith, J. (2004). Estimating global impacts from climate change. Global Environmental Change, 14(3), 201–218. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.04.010
Holden, K., Thompson, J., & Ruangrit, Y. (2005). The Asian crisis and calendar effects on stock returns in Thailand. European Journal of Operational Research, 163(1), 242–252. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2004.01.015
Hwang, J. H., & Yoo, S. H. (2014). Energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic growth: Evidence from Indonesia. Quality & Quantity, 48(1), 63–73. doi: 10.1007/s11135-012-9749-5
Index Mundi. (2020). Price trend of palm oil. Retrieved from https://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=palm-oil&months=300
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2018). Global warming of 1.5°C. Retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/
Iskandar, A. (2019). Economic growth and CO2 emissions in Indonesia: Investigating the environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis existence. Jurnal BPPK: Badan Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Keuangan, 12(1), 42–52. doi: 10.48108/jurnalbppk.v12i1.369
Kristiani, A. W., & Soetjipto, W. (2019). Urbanisasi, konsumsi energi, dan emisi CO2: Adakah perbedaan korelasinya di Kawasan Barat Indonesia (KBI) dan Kawasan Timur Indonesia (KTI)? Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan, 7(3), 166–180. doi: 10.14710/jwl.7.3.166-180
Lim, K. M., Lim, S. Y., & Yoo, S. H. (2014). Oil consumption, CO2 emission, and economic growth: Evidence from the Philippines. Sustainability, 6(2), 967–979. doi: 10.3390/su6020967
Lubis, R. F., & Saputra, P. M. A. (2016). The Middle-Income Trap: Is there a way out for Asian Countries? Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business, 29(3), 273–287. doi: 10.22146/jieb.10316
Oh, T. H., Hasanuzzaman, M., Selvaraj, J., Teo, S. C., & Chua, S. C. (2018). Energy policy and alternative energy in Malaysia: Issues and challenges for sustainable growth – An update. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81(2), 3021–3031. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.112
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2008). OECD key environmental indicators. Paris: OECD Environment Directorate
Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development (ILO Working Papers). Geneva: International Labour Organization
Partnership for Market Readiness. (2018). Pengantar pasar karbon untuk pengendalian perubahan iklim. Jakarta
Radulescu, M., Serbanescu, L., & Sinisi, C. I. (2019). Consumption vs investments for stimulating economic growth and employment in the CEE Countries – a panel analysis. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 32(1), 2329–2353. doi: 10.1080/1331677X.2019.1642789
Saboori, B., Sulaiman, J. Bin, & Mohd, S. (2012). An empirical analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions in Indonesia: the role of energy consumption and foreign trade. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(2), 243–251. doi: 10.5539/ijef.v4n2p243
Sbia, R., Shahbaz, M., & Hamdi, H. (2014). A contribution of foreign direct investment, clean energy, trade openness, carbon emissions and economic growth to energy demand in UAE. Economic Modelling, 36, 191–197. doi: 10.1016/j.econmod.2013.09.047
Shafie, S. M., Mahlia, T. M. I., Masjuki, H. H., & Andriyana, A. (2011). Current energy usage and sustainable energy in Malaysia: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9), 4370–4377. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.113
Shahbaz, M., Hye, Q. M. A., Tiwari, A. K., & Leitão, N. C. (2013). Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 109–121. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.009
Stern, D. (2014). The environmental Kuznets curve: A primer (Working Papers 249424)
Subramaniam, T., & Baharumshah, A. Z. (2011). Determinants of unemployment in the Philippines. The Empirical Economics Letters, 10(2), 1248–1257
Supriadi, D., & Ismail, M. (2012). Kajian hubungan resiprokal antara penerimaan dan pengeluaran pemerintah (studi kasus di Indonesia periode 1969-2011). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FEB, 1(2)
Tax Foundation. (2019). Gas taxes in Europe. Retrieved from https://taxfoundation.org/gas-taxes-europe-2019/
Thailand Ministry of Energy. (2018). Thailand’s energy policy and implementation for SDG 7. Retrieved from https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/energy/se/pp/eneff/9th__Forum_Kiev_Nov.18/12_November_2018/3_Sinsukprasert_Thailand.pdf
Tol, R. S. J. (2012). On the uncertainty about the total economic impact of climate change. Environmental and Resource Economics, 53, 97–116. doi: 10.1007/s10640-012-9549-3
Tsujino, R., Yumoto, T., Kitamura, S., Djamaluddin, I., & Darnaedi, D. (2016). History of forest loss and degradation in Indonesia. Land Use Policy, 57, 335–347. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.034
Uchiyama, K. (2016). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. In Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis and carbon dioxide emissions (pp. 11–29). Tokyo, Japan: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-55921-4
Union of Concerned Scientists USA. (2014). Environmental impacts of natural gas. Retrieved from https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/environmental-impacts-natural-gas
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (2016). Intended nationally determined contribution Republic of Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Indonesia/1/INDC_REPUBLIC%20OF%20INDONESIA.pdf
World Bank. (2020). World development indicators. Retrieved from https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators/preview/on
World Resources Institute. (2017). Evaluating Indonesia’s progress on its climate commitments. Retrieved from https://www.wri.org/blog/2017/10/evaluating-indonesias-progress-its-climate-commitment
Zhang, X. P., & Cheng, X. M. (2009). Energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth in China. Ecological Economics, 68(10), 2706–2712. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.05.011

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update:

No citation recorded.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

As an article writer, the author has the right to use their articles for various purposes, including use by institutions that employ authors or institutions that provide funding for research. Author rights are granted without special permission.

Author who publishes a paper at JWL has the broad right to use their work for teaching and scientific purposes without the need to ask permission, including: used for (i) teaching in the author's class or institution, (ii) presentation at meetings or conferences and distributing copies to participants ; (iii) training conducted by the author or author's institution; (iv) distribution to colleagues for research use; (v) use in the compilation of subsequent authors' works; (vi) inclusion in a thesis or dissertation; (vi) reuse of part of the article in another work (with citation); (vii) preparation of derivative works (with citation); (viii) voluntary posting on open websites operated by authors or author institutions for scientific purposes (follow the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 License).

Authors and readers can copy and redistribute material in any media or format, and mix, modify, and build material for any purpose but they must provide appropriate credit (provide article citation or content), providing links to the license, and indicate if there are changes.

The authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that if accepted for publication, copyright of the article shall be assigned to Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan (JWL). Copyright encompasses rights to reproduce and deliver the article in all form and media, including reprints, photographs, microfilms and any other similar reproductions, as well as translations.

Reproduce any part of this journal, its storage in the database or its transmission by all forms or media is permitted does not need for written permission from JWL. However, it should be cited as an honor in academic manners

JWL and the Department of Urban and Regional Planning of Diponegoro University and the Editor make every effort to ensure that there are no data, opinions, or false or misleading statements published in JWL. However, the content of the article is the sole and exclusive responsibility of each author.

The Copyright Transfer Form can be downloaded here: [Copyright Transfer Form - Indonesian] [Copyright Transfer Form - English]. The copyright form should be signed originally and send to the Editor in the form of printed letters, scanned documents sent via email or fax.