Industrial Chemical Engineering Technology, Faculty of Vocational School, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedharto, S.H., Tembalang, Semarang, Indonesia
BibTex Citation Data :
@article{JVSAR17619, author = {Faizal Pambayun and R. T. D. Wisnu Broto}, title = {The Effect of Moisture Content on Reducing the Free Fatty Acid Content of Nyamplung Seed Oil (Callophylum inophyllum) Using Factorial Design Method}, journal = {Journal of Vocational Studies on Applied Research}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2023}, keywords = {crude oil; nyamplung seed; extraction; free fatty acid}, abstract = { Nyamplung seeds (Calophyllum inophyllum) have an oil content of 50–70%, in Indonesia nyamplung seeds have a high productivity of 20 t/ha. The process of extracting nyamplung seed oil chemical process produces a higher yield than mechanical. Extraction was collected using the soxhletation extraction method because the oil can be extracted perfectly and requires little solvent. The FFA content is very high, ranging from 15-30% which causes high oil quality to decrease. The high FFA content is due to the high % water content (23-25%) in nyamplung seeds, which causes a hydrolysis process where triglycerides dissociate in the presence of water, glycerol and FFA. The research variables are the moisture content of nyamplung seeds (8% and 12%), the size of the material (15 and 25 mesh), and the ratio of the material to the solvent (1:4 and 1:6) using the factorial design method for research optimization using variable moisture content Nyamplung seed is 8%, size is 20 mesh, and raw material to solvent ratio is 1:5. Novelty value research is effect of % water content on reduction of free fatty acid(FFA) levels contained nyamplung seed oil. Whereas in previous research ADDIN CSL_CITATION \{\"citationItems\":[\{\"id\":\"ITEM-1\",\"itemData\":\{\"DOI\":\"10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128222\",\"ISSN\":\"09596526\",\"abstract\":\"Calophyllum inophyllum kernels is a source of non-edible oil and possessed up to 73% oil content but its oil is usually marked with a high level of up to 30% free fatty acid (FFA), which is an hindrance to the effective conversion of the oil to biodiesel. This study therefore, proffers a pathway to achieve low levels of free fatty acids in the oil extracted from the kernels by adjustment of its drying conditions, leading to easier conversion of the oil to biodiesel. This is expected to enhance the industrial processes for production of biodiesel from Calophyllum inophyllum kernels oil. Oil was extracted from the kernels, which were previously dried under varied conditions, using Soxhlet extraction technique with n-hexane as solvent. The oil extracted was converted to biodiesel through acid esterification and base-catalysed transesterification. The properties of biodiesel that was subsequently produced was assessed using standard methods. Satisfactory results were obtained for important parameters that have been established to play significant roles in the quality of oil and biodiesel, such as FFA content (0.23), Iodine value (77.01 (gI2/100g), cloud point (−1.40 °C), pour point (−6.24 °C), and higher heating value (40.65 MJ/kg) for biodiesel obtained from kernels dried at 75 °C. The variations in the levels of FFA in the oils differ by as much as 69% and more than 10% improvement in the quantity of the biodiesel produced was obtained. The results demonstrated that drying conditions played a significant role in the quantity and properties of both the oil and biodiesel obtainable from the kernels. The resulting biodiesel met the Australian, ASTM and EN standards. The economical prospect of the proposed method would be seen in the higher quantity of viable dry kernels which will increase the volume of biodiesel obtainable and a drop in the cost of resources that would have been required for such chemical processes and time needed for dewaxing and degumming. The adoption of the right drying technique in a large scale industrial process is capable of improving the quantity and the properties of biodiesel that might be produced from the kernel.\",\"author\":[\{\"dropping-particle\":\"\",\"family\":\"Adenuga\",\"given\":\"Adeniyi Abiodun\",\"non-dropping-particle\":\"\",\"parse-names\":false,\"suffix\":\"\"\},\{\"dropping-particle\":\"\",\"family\":\"Oyekunle\",\"given\":\"John Adekunle Oyedele\",\"non-dropping-particle\":\"\",\"parse-names\":false,\"suffix\":\"\"\},\{\"dropping-particle\":\"\",\"family\":\"Idowu\",\"given\":\"Oluwatope Olaniyi\",\"non-dropping-particle\":\"\",\"parse-names\":false,\"suffix\":\"\"\}],\"container-title\":\"Journal of Cleaner Production\",\"id\":\"ITEM-1\",\"issue\":\"November 2020\",\"issued\":\{\"date-parts\":[[\"2021\"]]\},\"page\":\"128222\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier Ltd\",\"title\":\"Pathway to reduce free fatty acid formation in Calophyllum inophyllum kernel oil: A renewable feedstock for biodiesel production\",\"type\":\"article-journal\",\"volume\":\"316\"\},\"uris\":[\"http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2fa530ed-aed3-49dd-bf6e-690fca282f6e\"]\}],\"mendeley\":\{\"formattedCitation\":\"(Adenuga et al., 2021)\",\"manualFormatting\":\"Adenuga et al., (2021)\",\"plainTextFormattedCitation\":\"(Adenuga et al., 2021)\",\"previouslyFormattedCitation\":\"(Adenuga et al., 2021)\"\},\"properties\":\{\"noteIndex\":0\},\"schema\":\"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json\"\} Adenuga et al., (2021) % water content was not the main parameter for reducing free fatty acid levels. But the main parameters are only drying temperature and oven temperature . FFA content without reducing the % water content of 24 mg KOH/g Jahirul et al. (2015) and 29.2 mg KOH/g Hasibuan et al. (2013) whereas the results of the study showed an FFA level of 13.30%, which means that there was a decrease in FFA levels directly proportional to the decrease in the moisture content of nyamplung seeds. }, issn = {2684-8090}, pages = {31--35} doi = {10.14710/jvsar.v5i1.17619}, url = {https://ejournal2.undip.ac.id/index.php/jvsar/article/view/17619} }
Refworks Citation Data :
Nyamplung seeds (Calophyllum inophyllum) have an oil content of 50–70%, in Indonesia nyamplung seeds have a high productivity of 20 t/ha. The process of extracting nyamplung seed oil chemical process produces a higher yield than mechanical. Extraction was collected using the soxhletation extraction method because the oil can be extracted perfectly and requires little solvent. The FFA content is very high, ranging from 15-30% which causes high oil quality to decrease. The high FFA content is due to the high % water content (23-25%) in nyamplung seeds, which causes a hydrolysis process where triglycerides dissociate in the presence of water, glycerol and FFA. The research variables are the moisture content of nyamplung seeds (8% and 12%), the size of the material (15 and 25 mesh), and the ratio of the material to the solvent (1:4 and 1:6) using the factorial design method for research optimization using variable moisture content Nyamplung seed is 8%, size is 20 mesh, and raw material to solvent ratio is 1:5. Novelty value research is effect of % water content on reduction of free fatty acid(FFA) levels contained nyamplung seed oil. Whereas in previous research Adenuga et al., (2021) % water content was not the main parameter for reducing free fatty acid levels. But the main parameters are only drying temperature and oven temperature. FFA content without reducing the % water content of 24 mg KOH/g Jahirul et al. (2015) and 29.2 mg KOH/g Hasibuan et al. (2013) whereas the results of the study showed an FFA level of 13.30%, which means that there was a decrease in FFA levels directly proportional to the decrease in the moisture content of nyamplung seeds.
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