skip to main content

Profile of Hypospadias Cases in Central Java, Indonesia

1Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University, Indonesia

2dr. Kariadi Semarang Hospital, Indonesia

Received: 2 Mar 2015; Published: 28 Aug 2015.
Open Access Copyright (c) 2015 Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research

Citation Format:
Abstract
Background: Hypospadia is believed to be a multifactorial disease.  The risk factors that may induce the formation of hypospadias are environmental factors, endocrine disruptors, and genetic factors. The aim of this study was to describe the profile of hypospadias patients who visited the Center for Biomedical Research (CEBIOR), Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.

Methods: This study is an observational study, using patients’ medical record in CEBIOR from 2010 to 2012. The hypospadias cases were classified into syndromic, isolated and severe hypospadias based on their phenotype. The history of pregnancy, birth characteristics, and family history of the patients were described.

Results: There were 120 cases of hypospadias, consisted of 48.33% severe hypospadias, 41.67% mild isolated hypospadias and 10% syndromic
hypospadias. There were 38.33% hypospadias cases whose mothers were being exposed to repellant usage and 39.17% cases whose fathers were smoking. Forty (33.33%) probands’ mothers were aged above 35 years old when they gave birth to their affected son.

Conclusion: Majority of hypospadias cases were severe and mild isolated. Environtmental factors including maternal age more than 35 years old, use of repellant, and smoking fathers were found in this study.  

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Hypospadia profile; Indonesia

Article Metrics:

  1. Kalfa N, Philibert P, Sultan C. Is hypospadias a genetic, endocrine or environmental disease, or still an unexplained malformation? Int J Androl. 2009;32:187-197
  2. Caione P. Prevalence of hypospadias in European countries: Is it increasing? Eur Urol. 2009;55:1027-1029
  3. Leung AKC, Robson WL. Hypospadias: an update. Asian J Androl. 2007;9:16-22
  4. Nassar N, Bower C, Barker A. Increasing prevalence of hypospadias in Western Australia, 1980-2000. Arch Dis Child
  5. ;92:580-584
  6. Michalakis M, Heretis G, Chrysos E. Tsatsakis A. Pesticides Exposure and Risk of Hypospadias. In: Stoytcheva M (editor). Pesticides-The impact of Pesticide Exposure. Cited from http://www.intechopen.com/books/pesticides- the-impacts-of-pesticides-exposure/pesticides- exposure-and-risk-of-hypospadias on October 23, 2014
  7. Troncoso B, Lopez PJ. Hypospadias. Pediatric Urology Book. Cited from
  8. http://www.pediatricurologybook.com/hypospa dias.html on October 23, 2014
  9. Van Rooij IA, Van der Zanden LF, Brouwers MM, Knoers NV, Feitz WF, Roeleveld N. Risk factors for different phenotypes of hypospadias: results from a Dutch case-control study. BJU Int. 2013;112:121-128
  10. Manson JM, Carr MC. Molecular epidemiology of hypospadias: review of genetic and environmental risk factors. Birth Defect Research (Part A). 2003;67:825-836
  11. Van der Zanden LF, Galesloot TE, Feitz WF, Brouwers MM, Shi M, Knoers NV, et al. Exploration of gene-environment interactions, maternal effects and parent origin effects in the etiology of hypospadias. J Urol. 2012;188:2354-2360
  12. Mohammadzadeh A, Farhat A, Esmaieli H, Shiranzaei S. Prevalence and risk factors of hypospadias in a private hospital In Northeast Iran. Iran J Pediatr. 2011;21: 497-501
  13. Charmichael SL, Shaw GM, Laurent C, Croughan MS, Olney RS, Lammer EJ: Maternal progestin intake and risk of hypospadias. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:957-962
  14. Chul Kim S, Kyoung Kwon S, Pyo Hong Y. Trends in the incidence of cryptorchidism and hypospadias of registry-based data in korea: a comparison between industrialized areas of petrochemical estates and a non-industrialized area. Asian J Androl. 2011;13:715-718
  15. Akre O, Boyd HA, Ahlgren M, Wilbrand K, Westergaard T, Hjalgrim H, et al. Maternal and gestational risk factors for hypospadias. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116:1071-1076
  16. Pierik FH, Burdorf A, Deddens JA, Juttmann RE, Weber RFA. Maternal and paternal risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias: A case-control study in newborn boys. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112:1570-1576
  17. Porter MP, Faizan MK, Grady RW, Mueller BA. Hypospadias in Washington state: Maternal risk factors and prevalence trends. Pediatrics. 2005;115:495-499
  18. Ghirri P, Scaramuzzo RT, Bertelloni S, Pardi D, Celandroni A, Cocchi G, et al. Prevalence of hypospadias in Italy according to severity, gestational age and birthweight: an epidemiological study. Ital J Pediatr
  19. ;35:18
  20. Boisen KA, Chellakooty, Schmidt IM, Kai CM, Damgaard IN, Suomi AM, et al. Hypospadias in a cohort of 1072 Danish newborn boys: Prevalence and relationship to placental weight, anthropometrical measurements at birth, and reproductive hormone levels at three months of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:4041-4046
  21. Fisch H, Golden RJ, Libersen GL, Hyun GS, Madsen P, New MI, Hensle TW. Maternal age as a risk factor for hypospadias. J Urol
  22. ;165:934-936

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update:

No citation recorded.