skip to main content

The Effectivity of Thymus vulgaris Extract on IL-1 Level and Bacterial Count in The Heart of Balb-c Mice Infected with MRSA

1Department of Microbiology, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesia

2Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia

Received: 21 Jul 2021; Revised: 1 Nov 2021; Accepted: 10 Dec 2021; Available online: 31 Dec 2021; Published: 31 Dec 2021.
Open Access Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Background: The increasing phenomenon resistance of bacteria to various types of antibiotics, for example MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) became a serious problem. Over the last few decades S. aureus has become the dominant cause of endocarditis. MRSA data in Indonesia are still rarely reported. This has led to the importance of extracting natural substances that have anti-bacterial effects or that modulate immune response such as Thymus vulgaris (TV). It was hypothesized that TV can overcome MRSA infection by increasing IL-1, which is the initial cytokine in a natural immune response stimulated by the presence of S. aureus. 

Objective: This study was to investigate the effect of Thymus vulgaris extract on IL-1 and bacterial counts in the heart of balb-c mice infected with MRSA. 

Methods: There were 30 male Balb-c mice randomly divided into six groups. Group K (mice infected with MRSA without treatment),P1(mice treated with TV extract 7 days later infected with MRSA), P2(mice infected and treated with vancomycin), P3(mice infected and treated with TV+vancomycin extract), P4(mice infected and treated with amoxicillin), and P5 (mice infected and treated with TV extract+amoxicillin). IL-1 and bacterial count was assessed by ELISA and microbiological culture. 

Results: The result showed that there was a significant increase in IL-1 between groups (p=0.001).The median decrease in the bacterial count in the heart was 0 in almost treatment group except for P4 group which its median was 26.000 (p=0.161). The correlation between IL-1 levels and MRSA count in the heart had a weak negative correlation (r=-0.182). 

Conclusion: Thymus vulgaris extract was effective to  increase IL-1 levels significantly but was not proven to decrease MRSA count in the heart of balb-c mice.

Note: This article has supplementary file(s).

Fulltext View|Download |  Research Instrument
ethical clearence
Subject ethical clearence
Type Research Instrument
  View (93KB)    Indexing metadata
Keywords: Bacterial Count; Carditis; IL-1; MRSA; Thymus Vulgaris

Article Metrics:

  1. Ganji M, Ruiz J, Kogler W, Lung J, Hernandez J, Isache C. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pericarditis causing cardiac tamponade. IDCases. 2019; 18:613
  2. Mufidah Z, Rifa’i M, Rahayu S. Aktivitas Imunomodulator Ekstrak Buah Mengkudu pada Mencit yang Diinfeksi Staphylococcus aureus. J Vet. 2013;14(4):501–10
  3. Sikary AK, Mridha AR, Behera C. Sudden death of a child due to pyogenic bacterial myocarditis. Med Leg J. 2017;85(2):105–7
  4. Dwiyanti RD, Muhlisin A, Muntaha A. MRSA dan VRSA pada Paramedis RSUD Ratu Zalecha Martapura. Med Lab Technol Journal; 2015;1(1)
  5. Rossato AM, Primon-Barros M, Dias CAG, d’Azevedo PA. Vancomycin MIC and agr dysfunction in invasive MRSA infections in southern Brazil. Brazilian J Microbiol [publication Brazilian Soc Microbiol. 2020 Dec;51(4):1819–23
  6. Arshad N, Mehreen A, Liaqat I, Arshad M, Afrasiab H. In vivo screening and evaluation of four herbs against MRSA infections. 2017;1–7
  7. Reddy V P. Review on Thymus vulgaris Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Properties. Med Aromat Plants. 2014;03(03):1–3
  8. Kucukgul A, Danabas D, Ural M, Seker E, Arslan A, Serdar O. Therapeutic effects of thyme (thymus vulgaris linneaus) and fennel (foeniculum vulgare miller) essential oils in infected rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Vol. 8, Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures. 2014
  9. Buldain D, Buchamer A V, Marchetti ML, Aliverti F, Bandoni A, Mestorino N. Combination of Cloxacillin and Essential Oil of Melaleuca armillaris as an Alternative Against Staphylococcus aureus. Front Vet Sci. 2018;5:177
  10. Abousouh S, Widjajanto E, Sujuti H. Effect of Thymus vulgaris Extract on Level of Serum , Il12 and Bacterial Colonies in Liver in Mice Infected by Salmonella Typhimurium. Int J ChemTech Res. 2017;10(9):881–6
  11. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S. Basic Immunology : Functions and Disorders of the Immune System. 5th ed. Kalim H, editor. Elsevier; 2016. 345 p
  12. Salehi B, Mishra AP, Shukla I, Sharifi-Rad M, Contreras MDM, Segura-Carretero A, et al. Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses. Phytother Res. 2018;32(9):1688–706
  13. Lee J-H, Kim Y-G, Lee J. Carvacrol-rich oregano oil and thymol-rich thyme red oil inhibit biofilm formation and the virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol. 2017;123(6):1420–8
  14. Sharifi-Rad M, Varoni EM, Iriti M, Martorell M, Setzer WN, Del Mar Contreras M, et al. Carvacrol and human health: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res. 2018 ;32(9):1675–87
  15. Geriak M, Haddad F, Rizvi K, Rose W, Kullar R, LaPlante K, et al. Clinical Data on Daptomycin plus Ceftaroline versus Standard of Care Monotherapy in the Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019 May;63(5)
  16. Diaz R, Afreixo V, Ramalheira E, Rodrigues C, Gago B. Evaluation of vancomycin MIC creep in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018 Feb;24(2):97–104
  17. Gupta D, Kamat S, Hugar S, Nanjannawar G, Kulkarni R. A comparative evaluation of the antibacterial efficacy of Thymus vulgaris, Salvadora persica, Acacia nilotica, Calendula arvensis, and 5% sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis: An in-vitro study. J Conserv Dent. 2020;23(1):97–101
  18. Sim JXF, Khazandi M, Chan WY, Trott DJ, Deo P. Antimicrobial activity of thyme oil, oregano oil, thymol and carvacrol against sensitive and resistant microbial isolates from dogs with otitis externa. Vet Dermatol. 2019 ;30(6):524-59
  19. Magi G, Marini E, Facinelli B. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and carvacrol, and synergy of carvacrol and erythromycin, against clinical, erythromycin-resistant Group A Streptococci. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:165
  20. Benameur Q, Gervasi T, Pellizzeri V, Pľuchtová M, Tali-Maama H, Assaous F, et al. Antibacterial activity of Thymus vulgaris essential oil alone and in combination with cefotaxime against blaESBL producing multidrug resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Nat Prod Res2019;33(18):2647–54

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update:

No citation recorded.