DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jbtr.v12i1.29501

Ramadan Fasting and Anthropometric Parameters: The Role of MC4R rs17782313 Genotype in Adults Semarang, Indonesia

1Department of Nutririon Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia

2Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia

Received: 23 Sep 2025; Revised: 16 Jan 2026; Accepted: 13 Feb 2026; Available online: 29 Apr 2026; Published: 30 Apr 2026.
Open Access Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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Abstract

Background: The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) gene regulates energy balance and food intake. The rs17782313 variant has been linked to altered homeostasis and eating behavior, and may also affect anthropometric and body composition responses during Ramadan fasting.

Objective: To examine the effects of Ramadan fasting on anthropometric parameters, body composition, and macronutrient intake across different MC4R genotypes in adults.

Methods: Thirty-five subjects were genotyped and grouped into recessive (TT, n=15) and dominant (TC+CC, n=20) allele carriers. Anthropometric and body composition measurements, dietary intake (SQ-FFQ), and physical activity (IPAQ-SF) were assessed before, during, and after Ramadan. Genetic data for rs17782313 were obtained from a prior investigation. Repeated Measures ANCOVA, adjusted for energy intake and physical activity, evaluated genotype and time effects.

Results: The recessive group (TT) showed higher values than the dominant group (TC+CC), with significant differences in body weight, BMI, hip circumference, and visceral fat across all time points (p<0.05). Waist circumference differed significantly during and after Ramadan, while BMR differed only before fasting (p<0.05). Macronutrient intake and physical activity did not differ significantly, although protein and fat intake changes post-Ramadan were notable (p<0.05). A significant time–activity interaction was found for body weight (p=0.041). TT carriers experienced greater anthropometric benefits from Ramadan fasting compared to TC+CC carriers.

Conclusion: Ramadan fasting significantly influences anthropometric parameters, body composition, and macronutrient intake across MC4R genotypes. Greater responses were observed in recessive carriers (TT), although fasting outcomes were also shaped by nutrition and physical activity. These findings highlight the interplay of genetic and environmental factors in energy regulation during Ramadan.

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Keywords: Ramadan fasting; MC4R rs17782313; Anthropometry; Body composition; Macronutrient intake

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