The Association between Energy and Protein Density  with Obesity among Adults  in Tembokrejo Sub-District, Pasuruan City

Ludya Cahyani Adistyrianti; Miftahul Jannah; Dahlia Indah Amareta; Alinea Dwi Elisanti

doi:10.14710/jphtcr.v8i2.28267

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jphtcr.v8i2.28267

The Association between Energy and Protein Density with Obesity among Adults in Tembokrejo Sub-District, Pasuruan City

Ludya Cahyani Adistyrianti , Miftahul Jannah, Dahlia Indah Amareta, Alinea Dwi Elisanti

Clinical Nutrition Study Program, Department of Health, Politeknik Negeri Jember, Jember, Jawa Timur, Indonesia

Received: 30 Jun 2025; Published: 31 Aug 2025.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

BibTex Citation Data :

@article{JPHTCR28267,
    author = {Ludya Adistyrianti and Miftahul Jannah and Dahlia Amareta and Alinea Elisanti},
    title = {The Association between Energy and Protein Density  with Obesity among Adults  in Tembokrejo Sub-District, Pasuruan City},
    journal = {Journal of Public Health for Tropical and Coastal Region},
  volume = {8},
    number = {2},
    year = {2025},
    keywords = {Dietary Intake, Energy Density, Protein Density, Obesity, Adults},
    abstract = {   Introduction :   Adult obesity is a major nutritional concern, with a national prevalence of 21.8% and 22.4% in East Java Province and 19.9% in Pasuruan City, respectively. Consumption of energy- and protein-dense foods, combined with low physical activity and urban lifestyle patterns, were the main contributing factors. This study aimed to examine the association between energy density, protein density, and obesity among adults in the Tembokrejo Sub-District of Pasuruan City.     Methods :   This was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design involving 192 adult respondents selected through simple random sampling. The researchers and enumerators visited one of the residents houses, where several respondents were located within the same neighborhood unit. Energy and protein density were assessed using the 2 days of 24-h food recall method, while obesity was determined based on Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated from measured height and weight. Data analysis was conducted using the chi-square test.     Results :   There were 68.2% of women respondents in the study. About a third were aged 19.29 years, 30-50 years and > 50 years, respectively. Individuals consuming high-energy-dense foods were 14 times more likely to develop obesity (p=0.000), whereas those consuming high-protein-dense foods are 2 times more likely to develop obesity (p=0.001).     Conclusion :   Energy and protein densed food consumptions associated with obesity among adults in Tembokrejo Sub-District, Pasuruan City. It is recommended that the community regulates the consumption of high-energy and protein-dense foods as a preventive measure against obesity.  },
   issn = {2597-4378},   pages = {160--169}  doi = {10.14710/jphtcr.v8i2.28267},
    url = {https://ejournal2.undip.ac.id/index.php/jphtr/article/view/28267}
}

Citation Format:

Abstract

Introduction: Adult obesity is a major nutritional concern, with a national prevalence of 21.8% and 22.4% in East Java Province and 19.9% in Pasuruan City, respectively. Consumption of energy- and protein-dense foods, combined with low physical activity and urban lifestyle patterns, were the main contributing factors. This study aimed to examine the association between energy density, protein density, and obesity among adults in the Tembokrejo Sub-District of Pasuruan City.

Methods: This was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design involving 192 adult respondents selected through simple random sampling. The researchers and enumerators visited one of the residents houses, where several respondents were located within the same neighborhood unit. Energy and protein density were assessed using the 2 days of 24-h food recall method, while obesity was determined based on Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated from measured height and weight. Data analysis was conducted using the chi-square test.

Results: There were 68.2% of women respondents in the study. About a third were aged 19.29 years, 30-50 years and > 50 years, respectively. Individuals consuming high-energy-dense foods were 14 times more likely to develop obesity (p=0.000), whereas those consuming high-protein-dense foods are 2 times more likely to develop obesity (p=0.001).

Conclusion: Energy and protein densed food consumptions associated with obesity among adults in Tembokrejo Sub-District, Pasuruan City. It is recommended that the community regulates the consumption of high-energy and protein-dense foods as a preventive measure against obesity.

Note: This article has supplementary file(s).

Fulltext View|Download | Research Instrument

research instrument

Subject
Type	Research Instrument
	Download (72KB) Indexing metadata

Keywords: Dietary Intake, Energy Density, Protein Density, Obesity, Adults

Article Metrics:

Article Info

Section: Articles

Language : EN

In Vol 8, No 2 (2025): Journal of Public Health for Tropical and Coastal Region

Recent articles

New Wave Marketing and Reutilization of Out patient Services at “G” Clinic Evolution of Maternal Care-Associated Infections at Bogdogo University Hospital in Burkina Faso Quality of Service and Satisfaction Level of Non-National Health Insured Inpatients at K Referral Center Hospitals More recent articles

Azzopardi, J. D., Lacy, E. K., & Woods, L. J. (2020). Energy Density of New Food Products Targeted to Children. 12(2242), 1–18
Devi, I. P., & Purwoto, A. (2022). Pengaruh Faktor Sosial Demografi dan Gaya Hidup terhadap Status Obesitas pada Penduduk Lansia di Provinsi DI Yogyakarta. Seminar Nasional Official Statistics, 2022(1), 1083–1092. https://doi.org/10.34123/semnasoffstat.v2022i1.1356
Gwin, J. A., Karl, J. P., Lutz, L. J., Gaffney-Stomberg, E., McClung, J. P., & Pasiakos, S. M. (2019). Higher Protein Density Diets are Associated with Greater Diet Quality and Micronutrient Intake in Healthy Young Adults. Frontiers in Nutrition, 6, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2019.00059
Ijazah, F. (2022). Analisis Lanskap Kelebihan Berat Badan dan Obesitas di Indonesia. 1–134. https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/id/laporan/analisis-lanskap-kelebihan-berat-badan-dan-obesitas-di-indonesia
Kementerian Kesehatan RI. (2018). Laporan Nasional Riskesdas 2018. http://www.yankes.kemkes.go.id/assets/downloads/PMK No. 57 Tahun 2013 tentang PTRM.pdf
Kementerian Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional/ Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (Bappenas). (2021). Rencana Aksi Nasional Pangan dan Gizi 2021-2024. In https://bappeda.kaltimprov.go.id/storage/data-paparans/November2022/v41NH0WHijXcycQRqTkV.pdf
Laswati, D. T. (2017). Masalah Gizi Dan Peran Gizi Seimbang. Agrotech : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Pertanian, 2(1), 69–73. https://doi.org/10.37631/agrotech.v2i1.12
Lestari, I. P., Ronitawati, P., & Melani, V. (2020). Perbedaan Densitas Energi Konsumsi dan Densitas Asupan Zat Gizi Berdasarkan Status Gizi pada Guru di Jakarta Barat. Darussalam Nutrition Journal, 4(2), 74–81
Lisnawati, Ansar, & Abdurrahman, L. T. (2016). Asupan Makan Dengan Kejadian Obesitas Pada Remaja Di Sma Katolik Santo Andreas Palu. PROMOTIF: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 6(2), 88–95. https://doi.org/10.31934/promotif.v6i2.13
Maki, O., Mayulu, N., & Djarkasi, G. S. . (2019). Hubungan Asupan Energi Makanan dan Aktivitas Fisik Dengan Kejadian Obesitas Pada Anak Sekolah Dasar Di Kota Manado. Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian, 10(2), 63–69
Marutama, C. V., Woda, R. R., & Artawan, I. M. (2019). Pengaruh Pemberian Jus Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera Lam) Terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Total Orang Dewasa Hiperkolesterolemia di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Oebobo Kota Kupang. Cendana Medical Journal, 17(2), 325–334
Mashudi, A. M. (2021). Hubungan Antara Asupan Zat Gizi Dengan Status Gizi pada Wanita Prakontrasepsi di Kecamatan Polongbangkeng Utara Kabupaten Takalar
Permatasari, P. D., & Pertiwi, K. R. (2022). Asupan Makronutrien dan Hubungannya dengan Obesitas Remaja Putri di Yogyakarta dan Sekitarnya. Kingdom the Journal of Biological Studies, 8(1), 18–33
Prasetyo, T. J., & Khoiriani, I. N. (2020). Konsumsi Pangan dan Densitas Gizi Wanita Dewasa Usia 19-49 Tahun di Indonesia. Jurnal Dunia Gizi, 3(2), 105–113
Pratiwi, W. (2020). Pengaruh Edukasi Gizi dan Frekuensi Senam Aerobik Terhadap Pengetahuan dan Penurunan Berat Badan pada Peserta Aerobik di Sanggar Senam Elbina Jaya
Putri, L. P., & Dieny, F. F. (2016). Hubungan Densitas Energi Dan Asupan Zat Gizi Makro Dengan Kejadian Sindrom Metabolik Pada Remaja Obesitas. Journal of Nutrition College, 5(3), 214–221
Rachma, R. A., & Mahmudiono, T. (2023). Hubungan Faktor Genetik dan Asupan Energi dengan Kejadian Obesitas. Media Gizi Kesmas, 12(2), 1002–1006
Safitri, D. E., Fitri, Z. E., & Lestari, W. A. (2021). Densitas Energi Konsumsi dan Densitas Asupan Protein Berhubungan dengan Status Gizi Anak Usia Sekolah. Muhammadiyah Journal of Nutrition and Food Science (MJNF), 2(2), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.24853/mjnf.2.2.95-102
Sebataraja, L. R., Oenzil, F., & Asterina. (2014). Hubungan Status Gizi dengan Status Sosial Ekonomi Keluarga Murid Sekolah Dasar di Daerah Pusat dan Pinggiran Kota Padang. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas, 3(2), 182–187. https://doi.org/10.25077/jka.v3i2.81
Sinaga, T. R., Hasanah, L. N., Shintya, L. A., Faridi, A., Kusumawati, I., Koka, E. M., Sirait, A., & Harefa, K. (2022). Gizi Dalam Siklus Kehidupan
Sumarni, & Bangkele, E. Y. (2023). Persepsi Orang Tua, Guru Dan Tenaga Kesehatan Tentang Obesitas Pada Anak Dan Remaja. Healthy Tadulako Journal (Jurnal Kesehatan Tadulako), 9(1), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.22487/htj.v9i1.658
Suryandari, B. D., & Widyastuti, N. (2015). Hubungan Asupan Protein dengan Obesitas Pada Remaja. Program Studi Ilmi Gizi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro, 4 (2)(4), 492–298. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jnc/article/view/10153
Wulandari, A. (2020). Aplikasi Support Vector Machine (SVM) untuk Pencarian Binding Site Protein-Ligan. Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika, 8(2), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.26740/mathunesa.v8n2.p157-161
Yamin, B., Mayulu, N., & Rottie, J. (2016). Hubungan Asupan Energi Dengan Kejadian Obesitas Pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar Di Kota Manado. E-Journal Keperawatan, 1, 1–8

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update:

No citation recorded.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

In order to be accepted and published by Journal of Public Health for Tropical and Coastal Region, the author (s) who submit a manuscript should complete the review process. Journal of Public Health for Tropical and Coastal Region articles are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0). Articles can be read, shared, and adapted even for commercial purposes under the following conditions:

Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.

The copyright of received articles is assigned to the author (s). The author (s) have the right to the articles that have been published. The Editorial Team of Journal of Public Health for Tropical and Coastal Region and the Author(s) strive to ensure that no errors occur in the articles that have been published, both data errors and statements in the articles. Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:

Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
The journal allows the authors to hold the copyright and retain publishing rights without restrictions.
Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during submission, as it can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citation of published work.