skip to main content

Review of Legal Compliance of Funding Models and Pivoting Events of Indonesian Digital Start-ups

*Normalita Destyarini orcid  -  Faculty of Law, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesia
Darminto Hartono Paulus scopus  -  Faculty of Law, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
Ariesta Wibisono Anditya orcid scopus publons  -  Faculty of Law, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia

Citation Format:
Abstract

The existence of digital start-up growth in the existence of digital start-ups that are still looking for a business model so that it can be possible to make changes to the business model in the acceleration process, this affects the funding agreement made by the accelerator. So it is necessary to know the funding scheme for the establishment of digital start-ups and the impact of changing business models on investment contracts. The purpose of this paper is to determine the legal relationship of accelerators, in this case venture capital, to digital start-up in Indonesia, funding schemes and the legal consequences of changing business models by digital start-ups. The research method used is normative juridical, the research specification used is descriptive-analytical. The results showed that funding by Venture capital using convertible notes instrument, against investment contracts if digital start-ups do pivot. It is concluded from the results of the research that the implementation of funding by Ventures Capital will re-do the agreement with the assessment indikator. The implementation is carried out based on the Law of BUMN the Law of Limited Liability Company, the Law of Investment and the Venture capital Head Company Articles of Association.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Pivoting; Venture Capital; Digital Start-ups

Article Metrics:

  1. Adhi, Y. P., Anggi, R. S. A., & Renanda, A. I. (2024). Implikasi Hukum Terhadap Pencantuman Klausula Rebus Sic Stantibu Dalam Kontrak Privat Ditinjau Dari Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata Indonesia. Diponegoro Private Law Review,8(2),120–33. https://ejournal2.undip.ac.id/index.php/dplr/article/view/19079
  2. Muninggar, R. A., & Rahardiansah, T. (2024). Pemberdayaan Hukum Pembayaran Digital melalui Penggunaan Teknologi Quick Response Code Indonesian Standar di Masyarakat. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia,6(3),394–417. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v6i3.394-417
  3. Aljalahma, J., & Slof, J. (2022). An Updated Systematic Review of Business Accelerators: Functions, Operation, and Gaps in the Existing Literature. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity,8(4),214. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8040214
  4. Amalia, A. N., Harahap, A. P. S., & Prabandari, A. P. (2025). Cleaning Up Space: Progressive Law and Environmental Justice Across Borders. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1537(1), 12-15. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1537/1/012051
  5. Atikah, J. (2016). Kajian Hukum Tentang Kepemilikan Modal Terhadap Badan Usaha Milik Negara Menjadi Badan Usaha Milik Swasta. Lex Crimen, 5(3), 57–65. https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/ lexcrimen/article/view/11681
  6. Benuf, K., Mahmudah, S., & Priyono, E. A. (2019). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Keamanan Data Konsumen Financial Technology di Indonesia. Refleksi Hukum: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 3(2), 145–60. https://doi.org/10.24246/jrh.2019.v3.i2.p145-160
  7. Chen, J., Zhao,X., Niu, X., Fan, Y. H., & Taylor, G. (2020). Does M&A Financing Affect Firm Performance Under Different Ownership Types. Sustainability, 12(8), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083078
  8. Chrystofer, C., Priyono, E. A., & Njatrijani, R. (2017). Kajian Hukum Perjanjian Kerjasama CV. Saudagar Kopi Dan Pemilik Tempat Usaha Perseorangan (Studi Kasus : Mal Ambasador, Jakarta). Diponegoro Law Journal, 6(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.14710/dlj.2017.16994
  9. Destyarini, N. (2023). Assistance for Legal Aspects of Digital Start-Ups at the Incubation Stage. Jurnal Pengabdian Hukum Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Legal Community Engagement), 6(2), 332–346. https://doi.org/10.15294/jphi.v6i2.71574
  10. Destyarini, N. (2024). Ensuring Personal Data Protection in Telemedicine Services. Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, 24(2), 218-233. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2024.24.2.3869
  11. Dharmawan, N. K. S., Kasih, D. P. D., Samsithawrati, P. A., Dwijayanthi, P. T., Salain, M. S. P. D., Mahaswari, M., Ustriyana, M. G., & Moisa, R V. (2023). Quo Vadis Traditional Cultural Expressions Protection: Threats from Personal Intellectual Property and Artificial Intelligence. Law Reform, 19(2), 321–343. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v19i2.58639
  12. Disemadi, H. (2022). Contextualization of Legal Protection of Intellectual Property in Micro Small and Medium Enterprises in Indonesia. Law Reform, 18(1), 89-110. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v18i1.42568
  13. Efendi, A., Susanti, D. O., & Suwardi, S. (2024). Kerugian Bisnis Persero: Business Judgment Rule Versus Delik Korupsi. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, 2(2),193-209. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v6i2.193-209
  14. Endarto, B. (2018). Legal Compliance in Legal Due Diligence Practices. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, 7(6), 71-77. https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JLPG/article/view/44079
  15. Mayana, R. F., Santika, T., Win,Y. Y., Matalam, J. A. K., & Ramli, A. M. (2024). Legal Issues of Artificial Intelligence-Generated Works: Challenges on Indonesian Copyright Law. Law Reform, 20(1), 54–75. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v20i1.61262
  16. Feka, M., Pujiyono, P., Sularto, R. B., & Pareke, JT. (2025). Navigating the Legal Minefield: The Impact of Articles 27A and 27B of Indonesia’s EIT Law on Freedom of Expression and the Path to Legal Reform. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 6(1),265–304. doi: 10.15294/jllr.v6i1.19116
  17. Gao, T., Wang, S., Chen, B., & Yang, L. (2024). The Impact of Big Tech Corporate Venture Capital Investments on Innovation: Evidence from the Equity Investment Market. China Economic Review, 83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2023.102111
  18. Guo, B., Lou, Y., &, Pérez- Castrillo, D. (2012). Investment, Duration, and Exit Strategies for Corporate and Independent Venture Capital-Backed Start-Ups. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/jems.12097
  19. Kartika, I. G. A. P., Astarini, I. A., Yasa, P. G. A. S., Hermanto, B., & Kriviņš, A. (2025). Quo Vadis Energi Legal Policy Towards Equitable and Sustainable Development in Indonesia. Law Reform, 21(2), 266-294. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v21i2.66743
  20. Hadi, S. P., Hamdani, R. S., & Roziqin, A. (2023). A Sustainability Review on the Indonesian Job Creation Law. Heliyon, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13431
  21. Hakim, L. (2024). Tantangan Dan Strategi Investasi Pada Perusahaan Startup Teknologi Di Indonesia. PRODUCTIVITY: Journal of Integrated Business, Management, and Accounting Research, 1(2),75-84. https://doi.org/10.54373/product.v1i2.36
  22. Irawati, I., Santoso, B., & Prananingtyas. P. (2024). Empowering Growth: Strengthening MSME-Large Corporation Partnerships for Indonesia’s Economic Future. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, 22(2), 3961–3970. https://doi.org/10.57239/PJLSS-2024-22.2.00293
  23. Jansen, N. (2014). The Idea of Legal Responsibillity. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies,34(2),221-252. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqt031
  24. Jeong, J., Kim, J., Son, H., & Nam, D-i. (2020). The Role of Venture Capital Investment in Startups’ Sustainable Growth and Performance: Focusing on Absorptive Capacity and Venture Capitalists’ Reputation. Sustainability, 12(8), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083447
  25. Jin, X., & Guan, S. (2025). The Impact of Early-Stage Venture Capital on Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Finance Research Letters, 85 Part E. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2025.108218
  26. Kharisma, D. B. (2021). Membangun Kerangka Pengaturan Startup Di Indonesia. Jurnal Rechtsvinding Media Pembangunan Hukum Nasional, 10(3), 431–445. DOI: 10.1108/JFC-09-2021-0193
  27. Lee, P. (2022). Enhancing the Innovative Capacity of Venture Capital. Yale Journal of Law & Technology, 611(1), 1-95. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4005801
  28. Lumbanraja, A. D. (2025). Beyond the Human Subject: Reconceptualizing Cyberlaw through Virtual Ontology and Algorithmic Epistemology in the Web 3.0 Era. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law, 1-20. DOI: 10.1007/s11196-025-10376-8
  29. Manigart, S., & Wright, M.(2013). Venture Capital Investors and Portofolio Firms. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 9(4-5), 365-570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0300000040
  30. Mhlanga, D. (2021). Financial Inclusion in Emerging Economies: The Application of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Credit Risk Assessment. International Journal of Financial Studies, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs9030039
  31. Mulyana, R. N., Aulia, O., Banyu Adem, D. B., Nuryadin, A. N., & Prehanto, A. (2022). Hambatan Startup Edukasi Setelah Program Inkubasi (Studi Kasus Pada Program Inkubator Startup CIAS). Jurnal Studi Manajemen Dan Bisnis, 9(1), 59–64. https://doi.org/10.21107/jsmb.v9i1.14748
  32. Mulyawan, F., Dhewanto, W., & Aldianto, L. (2021). The Impact of Start-up Business Ecosystem and Lifecycle on Start-up Creation Process – Case Study of Indonesian Software Technology Start-Up. International Journal of Applied Business Research,5(2),141–151. https://doi.org/10.35313/ijabr.v5i02.294
  33. Musjtari, D. N., Roro, F. S. R., & Setyowati, R. (2022). Islamic P2P Lending As An Alternative Solution For The Unfair Conventional Platform In Indonesia. UUM Journal of Legal Studies, 13(1), 21-43. DOI: 10.32890/uumjls2022.13.1.2
  34. Nasution, A. V. A., Suteki, S., & Lumbanraja, A. D. (2025). Addressing Deepfake Pornography and the Right to Be Forgotten in Indonesia: Legal Challenges in the Era of AI-Driven Sexual Abuse. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law, 38(7), 2489–2517. DOI: 10.1007/s11196-025-10265-0
  35. Nurcahyo, E. (2016). Perlindungan Hukum Kerjasama PT. Sarana Jateng Ventura Dengan Perusahaan Pasangan Usaha Dalam Pemberian Modal Ventura. Jurnal Sang Pencerah, 2(1), 135-154. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/nx5ay
  36. Sihombing, J. S. P., Saraswati, R., Yunanto, Y., & Turymshayeva, A. (2024). The Regulation of Legal Protection for Poor Communities Toward Justice in Indonesia and the Netherlands. Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 4(2), 331–353. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v4i2.274
  37. Purwaningsih, E., & Anisariza, N. U. (2023). Perolehan Legal Entity Dan Legal Product Bagi UMKM. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia,5(2),245–264. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v5i2.245-264
  38. Purwanto, T., Kurniati, P., & Majid, M. (2025). Tinjauan Perkembangan Industri Start Up Indonesia. Jurnal Neraca, 21(1), 18-24. https://doi.org/10.48144/neraca.v21i1.2105
  39. Rahadiyan, I. (2016). Kedudukan BUMN Persero Sebagai Separate Legal Entity Dalam Kaitannya Dengan Pemisahan Keuangan Negara Pada Permodalan BUMN. Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum, 20(4), 624-640 https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol20.iss4.art7
  40. Rosa, M. C. W., Sukoharsono, E. G., & Saraswati, E. (2019). The Role of Venture Capital on Start-up Business Development in Indonesia. Journal of Accounting and Investment,20(1),55-74. https://doi.org/10.18196/jai.2001108
  41. Saputra, R., Zaid, M., Wibowo, M. K. B., Hanum, W. N., & Triasari, D. (2025). Criminal Liability for Corruption of Bribery: Problems and Legal Reform. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 6(4), 2089–2140. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v6i4.22251
  42. Shamira, S., & Dianti, F. (2025). Tantangan Peran Notaris Dalam Proses Merger Konglomerat: PT Aplikasi Karya Anak Bangsa (Gojek) Dan PT Tokopedia. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia,7(1), 61–78. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v7i1.61-78
  43. Sheehy, B., Khan, H. Z., Prananingtyas, P., & Putri, P. S. S. (2023). Correction: Shifting from Soft to Hard Law: Motivating Compliance When Enacting Mandatory Corporate Social Responsibility. European Business Organization Law Review, 24(4), 787. DOI: 10.1007/s40804-023-00296-0
  44. Shuwaikh, F., Tanguy, A., Dubocage, E., & Alolah., O. (2025). Insights for Sustainable Business Practices: Comparative Impact of Independent and Corporate Venture Capital Funding on Financial and Environmental Performance. Research in International Business and Finance, 73(A), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2024.102632
  45. Sujatmiko, A., Romadhona, K., & Saraswati, Y. R. (2025). Patents at the Crossroads: Legal Pathways for Advancing Technology Transfer in Indonesia. Law Reform, 21(1), 94–119. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v21i1.64666
  46. Tahir, P., Budisetyowati, D. A., Purwanti, A., & Garunja, E. (2023). Safeguarding Consumer Rights: Enhancing Legal Protection Against Unlabeled Food Products. Diponegoro Law Review, 8(1), 59–75. https://doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.8.1.2023.59-75
  47. Turisno, B. E., Priyono, E. A., & Yunanto, Y. (2024). Strengthening Corporate Governance Through Legal Compliance And Ethical Codes Of Conduct. Jurnal Hukum Unissula, 40(2), 214–234. https://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jh.v40i2.40198
  48. Waspiah, W., Santoso, B., Prananingtyas, P., Baiquni, M. I., & Saputra, D. E. (2023). Indonesian Patent Law Reform for Simple Patent Innovations on Achieving Welfare State Objectives. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 8(1), 199–242. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v8i2.69214
  49. Yang, H., & Xu, M. (2025). Venture Capital Shareholding, Digital Transformation, and the Economic Resilience of Listed Enterprises. Finance Research Letters, 85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2025.108313
  50. Yi, R., Wang, H., Lyu, B., & QXia, Q. (2023). Does Venture Capital Help to Promote Open Innovation Practice? Evidence from China. European Journal of Innovation Management,26(1),1–26. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-03-2021-0161
  51. Zentoni, Z., Santoso, B., Tobing, D. M. L. T., & Fernando, Z. J. (2025). Know Your Customer (KYC) Model: A Legal Reform Strategy to Prevent Abuse of Financial Services in Child Sexual Exploitation Transactions. Journal of Law and Legal Reform,6(1),239–262. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v6i1.19651
  52. Zheng, S., Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Guo, R., & Chen, H. (2025). Corporate Innovation’s Impact on the Cost of Equity: Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.144430
  53. Comberg, C., Seith, F., German, A., & Velamuri, V. K. (2014). Pivots in Startups : Factors Influencing Business Model Innovation in Startups. In The XXV ISPIM Conference - Innovation for Sustainable Economy & Society (pp.884-910). Dublin: ISPIM. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279850162_Pivots_in_startups_Factors_influencing_business_model_innovation_in_startups
  54. Fernandes, J. M., & Afonso, P. (2018). Changing and Pivoting the Business Model in Software Startups. In: Wnuk, K., Brinkkemper, S. (eds) Software Business. ICSOB 2018. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, Vol.336. Springer Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04840-2_11
  55. Ali, Z. (2018). Metode Penulisan Hukum. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika
  56. Kauripan, D. (2013). Aspek Hukum Penanaman Modal Asing Di Indonesia. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group
  57. Soekanto, S. (2012). Pengantar Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press
  58. Dihni, V. (2022). Ini Ragam Permasalahan Yang Dihadapi Startup Di Indonesia. Retrieved from https://databoks.katadata.co.id/teknologi-telekomunikasi/statistik/88e20e4a9dec2f9/ini-ragam-permasalahan-yang-dihadapi-startup-di-indonesia
  59. Gillain, G., & Axel, A. (2016). Determinants of Venture Capitalists’ Exit Strategies: An Empirical Study through Survival Analysis. Retrieved from https://matheo.uliege.be/ handle/2268.2/1845
  60. Yashilva, W. (2024). Indonesia Sebagai Pusat Startup Terbesar Se-Asia Tenggara. Retrieved from https://data.goodstats.id/ statistic/indonesia-sebagai-pusat-startup-terbesar-se-asia-tenggara-qejb6

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update:

No citation recorded.