DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jpa.v8i3.32197

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Black Betel Leaf Extract with Polyvinyl Alcohol and Its Antibacterial Activity

*Lita Rahmasari scopus  -  Department of Physics Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, Indonesia
Iftitahul Khoiriyah  -  Department of Physics Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, Indonesia
Jezzy Puspa Ayu Wardani  -  Department of Physics Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, Indonesia
Dimas Rahadian Aji Muhammad  -  Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia
Received: 16 May 2026; Revised: 31 Jul 2026; Accepted: 3 Aug 2026; Available online: 31 Aug 2026; Published: 31 Aug 2026.

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Abstract

Black betel leaf extract contains reducing agents like flavonoids, which can reduce the size of silver particles to nanoscale. Meanwhile, Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is used to prevent the agglomeration of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of AgNPs synthesized from black betel leaf extract and PVA against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. PVA was varied at concentrations of 0.5 g, 1 g, and 1.5 g in 25 mL of deionized water, which was then mixed with 25 mL of black betel leaf extract. AgNPs were produced through a green synthesis process using the sol-gel technique, involving extraction, synthesis, characterization, and data analysis. The resulting AgNPs were stable across variations in polymer mass, with maximum wavelength absorption ranging from 403 nm to 440 nm. Analysis showed that the AgNPs possessed a Face Centered Cubic (FCC) crystal structure with particle sizes between 12.4 nm and 14.7 nm. Furthermore, the AgNPs were surrounded by various organic molecules such as terpenoids, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. The most potent antibacterial nanoparticles were the AgNPs synthesized with 0.5 grams of PVA. These AgNPs demonstrated an inhibition zone of 13.9 mm against Escherichia coli and 11.3 mm against Staphylococcus aureus.

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Keywords: Silver nanoparticles; Green synthesis; Black betel leaf; Polyvinyl alcohol; Antibacterial
Funding: Universitas Sebelas MaretI462/UN27.22/PT.01.03/2026

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