skip to main content

Performance Comparison of Large-Core Optical Waveguides with Waste-Derived and Analytical-Grade Chitosan Core Materials

*Ian Yulianti orcid scopus  -  Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
Aflah Agus Rizkika  -  Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
Ngurah Made Darma Putra  -  Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
Mohammad Alauhdin  -  Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
Budi Astuti  -  Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
Wasi Sakti Wiwit Prayitno  -  Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
Deffrian Prayogo  -  Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
Nishfa Mufatihah  -  Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
Naufal Athoriq  -  Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
Received: 15 Dec 2025; Revised: 16 Jan 2026; Accepted: 27 Jan 2026; Available online: 27 Feb 2026; Published: 27 Feb 2026.

Citation Format:
Abstract

This study investigates and compares the optical performance of large-core polymer waveguides fabricated using shrimp-shell-derived chitosan (SSC) and analytical-grade chitosan (AGC) as core materials. Both materials were processed into a buried square-core waveguide configuration and evaluated through optical loss measurements, time-dependent loss (TiDL), temperature-dependent loss (TDL), and microstructural examination. The two chitosan types exhibited their lowest attenuation at a concentration of 0.04 g/mL, with AGC showing marginally lower optical loss, consistent with its higher purity and degree of deacetylation. AGC also demonstrated superior temporal and thermal stability, supported by SEM results indicating a smoother and more homogeneous core morphology. Nevertheless, SSC showed performance levels closely comparable to AGC, revealing that biowaste-derived chitosan can function effectively as a core material for large-core waveguides. This outcome underscores the potential of SSC as a sustainable, low-cost alternative, contributing to SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) through biowaste valorization, and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) by promoting eco-friendly materials for future optical sensor platforms. The results affirm that SSC-based waveguides hold promise for applications including humidity, pH, chemical, and biochemical sensing.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Optical waveguide; Biopolymer; Chitosan; PMMA cladding ;Optical loss

Article Metrics:

  1. Y. H. Kadhum, A. M. Salman, and A. Al-Janabi, “Compact High-Sensitive Mach–Zehnder-Based Optical Fiber Sensor for Monitoring Gaseous Acetone Concentrations” Opt. Fiber Technol., 95, 104422, (2025)
  2. M. Ashraf and K. K. Qureshi, “Optical Fiber Sensors in Biomedical: Trends and Emerging Research—A Review” Opt. Fiber Technol., 95, 104404, (2025)
  3. N. N. Zulkeflee, S. H. M. Saing, Y. M. Kamil, M. Mansor, N. A. Halim, N. H. Z. Abidin, and M. A. Mahdi, “Multimode Tapered Fiber Sensor-Based Optical Response for the Detection of Nile Red-Stained Microplastics” Opt. Fiber Technol., 95, 104441, (2025)
  4. R. K. Gangwar, A. K. Pathak, F. Chiavaioli, M. A. Bakar, Y. M. Kamil, M. A. Mahdi, and V. K. Singh, “Optical Fiber SERS Sensors: Unveiling Advances, Challenges, and Applications in a Miniaturized Technology” Coord. Chem. Rev., 510, 215861, (2024)
  5. S. Hussain, L. Liu, M. Rui, Z. Yuanxiang, A. Ghaffar, G. Y. Chen, H. M. Alshehri, K. K. Qureshi, K. Ali, B. Das, and M. Mehdi, “POF Helical Sensor: A Simple Design Approach for Vibration Measuring Based on Bend Loss Coupling” Opt. Express., 32(26), 46763–46775, (2024)
  6. X. Mu, S. Wu, L. Cheng, and H. Y. Fu, “Edge Couplers in Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuits: A Review” Appl. Sci., 10(4), 1538, (2020)
  7. S. Khan, S. M. Buckley, J. Chiles, R. P. Mirin, S. W. Nam, and J. M. Shainline, “Low-Loss, High-Bandwidth Fiber-to-Chip Coupling Using Capped Adiabatic Tapered Fibers” APL Photon., 5(5), 056101, (2020)
  8. S. N. Khonina, N. L. Kazanskiy, and M. A. Butt, “Optical Fibre-Based Sensors—An Assessment of Current Innovations” Biosensors., 13(9), 835, (2023)
  9. S. K. Selvaraja and P. Sethi, “Review on optical waveguides” Emerging Waveguide Technology, 95, 458, (2018)
  10. C. A. Zimmermann, K. N. Amouzou, and B. Ung, “Recent Advances in PDMS Optical Waveguides: Properties, Fabrication, and Applications” Adv. Opt. Mater., 13(1), 2401975, (2025)
  11. C. Peng, C. Yang, H. Zhao, L. Liang, C. Zheng, C. Chen, L. Qin, and H. Tang, “Optical Waveguide Refractive Index Sensor for Biochemical Sensing” Appl. Sci., 13(6), 3829, (2023)
  12. R. Kinoshita and T. Ishigure, “Optimum Core Structural Design of Polymer Optical Waveguides as Edge Couplers for Co-Packaging” Opt. Express., 32(14), 24415–24431, (2024)
  13. S. Suda, A. Noriki, H. Kuwatsuka, F. Nakamura, Y. Atsumi, T. Kurosu, T. Murao, and T. Amano, “High-Power Stability and Reliability of Polymer Optical Waveguide for Co-Packaged Optics” J. Lightwave Technol., 43(10), 4903–4912, (2025)
  14. H. J. Park, K. S. Lim, and H. S. Kang, “Low-Cost 1×2 Plastic Optical Beam Splitter Using a V-Type Angle Polymer Waveguide for Automotive Networks” Opt. Eng., 50(7), 075002, (2011)
  15. V. Prajzler, M. Neruda, and J. Špirková, “Planar Large-Core Polymer Optical 1×2 and 1×4 Splitters Connectable to Plastic Optical Fiber” Radioengineering., 22(3), 751–757, (2013)
  16. R. Oliveira, R. Nogueira, and L. Bilro, “Do-It-Yourself Three-Dimensional Large-Core Multimode Fiber Splitters Through a Consumer-Grade 3D Printer” Opt. Mater. Express., 12(2), 593–605, (2022)
  17. V. Prajzler, M. Knietel, and R. Maštera, “Large-Core Optical Planar Splitter for Visible and Infrared Region” Opt. Quantum Electron., 48(2), 155, (2016)
  18. V. Prajzler and J. Zavřel, “Large-Core Optical Elastomer Splitter Fabricated Using 3D Printing Pattern” Opt. Quantum Electron., 53(6), 337, (2021)
  19. J. Patrakka, V. Hynninen, P. Huttunen, and Nonappa, “Biopolymer Optical Fibers for High-Sensitivity Quantitative Humidity Monitoring” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces., 17(35), 49816–49828, (2025)
  20. S. Nizamoglu, M. C. Gather, M. Humar, M. Choi, S. Kim, K. S. Kim, S. K. Hahn, G. Scarcelli, M. Randolph, R. W. Redmond, and S. H. Yun, “Bioabsorbable Polymer Optical Waveguides for Deep-Tissue Photomedicine” Nat. Commun., 7(1), 10374, (2016)
  21. M. Reimer, D. Van Opdenbosch, and C. Zollfrank, “Fabrication of Cellulose-Based Biopolymer Optical Fibers and Their Theoretical Attenuation Limit” Biomacromolecules., 22(8), 3297–3312, (2021)
  22. A. Y. Mironenko, A. A. Sergeev, A. E. Nazirov, E. B. Modin, S. S. Voznesenskiy, and S. Y. Bratskaya, “H₂S Optical Waveguide Gas Sensors Based on Chitosan/Au And Chitosan/Ag Nanocomposites” Sens. Actuators B Chem., 225, 348–353, (2016)
  23. E. H. Ahmed, A. I. Hashem, M. Adlung, C. Wickleder, M. M. H. Ayoub, I. K. Battisha, and A. Amin, “Tailoring Chitosan Nanocomposites for Planar Optical Waveguide Applications” Polym. Sci. Ser. A., 64(4), 342–353, (2022)
  24. P. Kumari, A. Kumar, A. Yadav, G. Gupta, G. Gupta, D. D. Shivagan, and K. Bapna, “Chitosan-Based Highly Sensitive Viable Humidity Sensor for Human Health Monitoring” ACS Omega., 8(42), 39511–39522, (2023)
  25. R. Hosseinlou, M. Dargahi, and A. Keshtkar Vanashi, “Alkaline-Range pH Sensor Based on Chitosan Hydrogel: A Novel Approach to pH Sensing” Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 279, 135199, (2024)
  26. R. Borgohain, P. K. Boruah, and S. Baruah, “Heavy-Metal Ion Sensor Using Chitosan-Capped ZnS Quantum Dots” Sens. Actuators B Chem., 226, 534–539, (2016)
  27. X. Xue, Y. Guo, F. Yan, N. Alisher, and J. Li, “Compact Fabry–Perot Microcavity-Based Fiber-Optic Humidity Sensor Constructed by Hollow-Core Fiber and Chitosan Film” Chem. Phys. Lett., 883, 142537, (2026)
  28. C. Teng, R. Yang, S. Ying, H. Xia, Y. Zhang, L. Shi, S. Deng, Z. Chen, H. Qiao, and L. Yuan, “Chitosan/Polyacrylic Acid Functionalized Side-Polish Polymer Optical Fiber-Based SPR Sensor for Cu²⁺ Ion Detection” Photonics., 12(5), 461, (2025)
  29. I. Yulianti, N. M. Dharma Putra, B. Astuti, K. E. Kurniansyah, and Z. A. F. Latif, “Fabrication and Characterization of Polyester/Polymethylmethacrylate Buried Waveguide for Operation in Visible Light Range,” in AIP Conf. Proc., 2169(1), 060006, (2019)
  30. V. Prajzler, P. Kulha, M. Knietel, and H. Enser, “Large-Core Plastic Planar Optical Splitter Fabricated by 3D Printing Technology” Opt. Commun., 400, 38–42, (2017)
  31. Y. Chen, Q. Duan, L. Yu, and F. Xie, “Thermomechanically Processed Chitosan: Gelatin Films with Improved Transparency and Mechanical Robustness” Carbohydr. Polym., 272, 118522, (2021)
  32. M. Mathaba and M. O. Daramola, “Effect of Chitosan Degree of Deacetylation on the Performance of PES Membranes during AMD Treatment” Membranes., 10, 52, (2020)
  33. S. Xie, S. Huang, W. Wei, X. Yang, Y. Liu, X. Lu, and Y. Tong, “Chitosan Waste-Derived Co and N Co-Doped Carbon Electrocatalyst for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction” ChemElectroChem., 2(11), 1806–1812, (2015)
  34. A. Khan, M. Goepel, J. C. Colmenares, and R. Gläser, “Chitosan-Based N-Doped Carbon Materials for Electrocatalytic and Photocatalytic Applications” ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 8(12), 4708–4727, (2020)
  35. Z. Zhang, P. Zhao, P. Lin, and F. Sun, “Thermo-Optic Coefficients of Polymers for Optical Waveguide Applications” Polymer., 47(14), 4893–4896, (2006)
  36. T. S. Trung, W. W. Thein-Han, N. T. Qui, C.-H. Ng, and W. F. Stevens, “Functional Characteristics of Shrimp Chitosan and its Membranes as Affected by Degree of Deacetylation” Bioresour. Technol., 97(4), 659–663, (2006)
  37. I. Thamer, M. Mazurek-Budzyńska, and V. Kumaravel, “Sustainable Biopolymer Design: Extraction of Chitin and Chitosan Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents” Mater. Des., 259, 114775, (2025)
  38. M. A. Gámiz-González, D. M. Correia, S. Lanceros-Mendez, V. Sencadas, J. G. Ribelles, and A. Vidaurre, “Kinetic Study of Thermal Degradation of Chitosan as a Function of Deacetylation Degree” Carbohydr. Polym., 167, 52–58, (2017)

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update:

No citation recorded.