DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/dimj.v7i1.29505

The Effect of Chronic Exposure Between Ascorbic Acid-Based Vape and Tobacco Cigarette Towards Oxidative Stress Level and Tracheal Histopathology in White Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)

*Levina Athaya Anarizta  -  Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicinie, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia, Indonesia
Udadi Sadhana orcid scopus  -  Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicinie, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia, Indonesia
Awal Prasetyo orcid scopus  -  Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicinie, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia, Indonesia
Hermawan Istiadi orcid  -  Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro- Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Nicotine-based vape has gained popularity as an alternative to cigarette use. Numerous studies have proven the dangers of smoking, including the elevation of oxidative stress and tracheal structure alteration. Ascorbic acid (AA) is a potential nicotine replacement in vape's e-liquid. Publications about AA as nicotine alternative in vape’s e-liquid are still scarce.

Objective: This research aimed to analyze the effects of oxidative stress and tracheal histopathology in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to cigarette smoke and aerosol generated from AA-based e-liquid.

Methods: True experimental research design was conducted using a post-test only control group design approach with 21 white rats (Rattus norvegicus). Rats were randomly distributed into three groups: K1= non-exposed group; K2= exposed to smoke from three cigarettes/day; and K3= exposed with 0.5mL/day of AA-based vape aerosol. The exposure period lasted 12 weeks; then, the blood samples and the trachea were collected after termination. SOD-3 and MDA were measured in blood serum as oxidative stress biomarkers, while goblet cell count and mucosal epithelium thickness were measured through trachea histopathology slide. The data were statistically analyzed using a One-Way ANOVA test, followed by Post Hoc Bonferroni test and Games-Howell test.

Results: Statistical analysis significant result (p<0.05) was found in SOD-3 level on K1&K3 and K2&K3, goblet cell count on K1&K3, and mucosal epithelial thickness on K1&K2. MDA level did not show any significant difference between groups. Tracheal histopathology revealed damages, K2 had the highest average of goblet cells (3.93±2.67) and the smallest average mucosal epithelial thickness in K2 (34.65±6.55), likely due to regeneration dysfunction in trachea.

Conclusion: Cigarette smoke exposure and AA-based vape aerosol showed significant differences in SOD-3 level, the number of goblet cells, and mucosal epithelial thickness. MDA level did not show any significant difference. AA as vape e-liquid base alternative is not significantly lower the stress oxidative level and require further investigations.

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Keywords: Ascorbic acid, Cigarette, E-cigarette, Oxidative stress, Tracheal histopathology

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