Toksisitas Kromium Heksavalen (Cr⁶⁺) terhadap Histopatologi Hati dan Ginjal Katak Sawah (Fejervarya cancrivora)

Abstract

Kromium heksavalen (Cr⁶⁺) merupakan logam berat toksik yang dapat mencemari lingkungan perairan dan menimbulkan gangguan pada organisme akuatik. Paparan Cr⁶⁺ diketahui dapat menyebabkan kerusakan berbagai organ, termasuk hati dan ginjal. Namun, informasi mengenai toksisitas akut Cr⁶⁺ serta perubahan histopatologi hati dan ginjal pada katak sawah (Fejervarya cancrivora) masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan nilai dosis letal median (LD₅₀) Cr⁶⁺ dan menganalisis perubahan histopatologi hati dan ginjal F. cancrivora setelah paparan Cr⁶⁺. Uji toksisitas akut dilakukan menggunakan lima dosis Cr⁶⁺, yaitu 25, 50, 100, 200, dan 400 mg/kg bobot badan (BB), dengan lima ekor katak pada setiap kelompok. Mortalitas diamati setiap tiga jam selama 24 jam, kemudian nilai LD₅₀ dihitung menggunakan metode probit logaritma Miller-Tainter. Pengamatan histopatologi dilakukan pada kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan menggunakan pewarnaan Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE), sedangkan kerusakan jaringan dinilai menggunakan metode skoring Manja-Roenigk untuk hati dan sistem EGTI untuk ginjal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai LD₅₀ Cr⁶⁺ sebesar 41,16 mg/kg BB. Paparan Cr⁶⁺ menyebabkan degenerasi hepatosit, nekrosis, dilatasi dan kongesti sinusoid, serta hemoragi pada hati. Pada ginjal ditemukan degenerasi dan dilatasi tubulus, nekrosis, atrofi glomerulus, infiltrasi, dan hemoragi. Skor histopatologi hati dan ginjal pada kelompok perlakuan berbeda signifikan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (p < 0,001). Dengan demikian, Cr⁶⁺ menunjukkan toksisitas akut terhadap F. cancrivora dan menyebabkan kerusakan histopatologi pada hati dan ginjal.

Hexavalent chromium (Cr⁶⁺) is a toxic heavy metal that can contaminate aquatic environments and adversely affect aquatic organisms. Exposure to Cr⁶⁺ is known to cause damage to various organs, including the liver and kidneys. However, information regarding the acute toxicity of Cr⁶⁺ and its effects on liver and kidney histopathology in the crab-eating frog (Fejervarya cancrivora) remains limited. This study aimed to determine the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of Cr⁶⁺ and analyze histopathological changes in the liver and kidneys of F. cancrivora following Cr⁶⁺ exposure. The acute toxicity test was conducted using five Cr⁶⁺ doses: 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW), with five frogs per dose group. Mortality was observed every three hours for 24 hours, and the LD₅₀ value was calculated using the Miller–Tainter logarithmic probit method. Histopathological examinations were performed on control and treatment groups using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. Tissue damage was assessed using the Manja–Roenigk scoring method for the liver and the EGTI scoring system for the kidneys. The results showed that the LD₅₀ of Cr⁶⁺ was 41.16 mg/kg BW. Cr⁶⁺ exposure caused hepatocyte degeneration, necrosis, sinusoidal dilation and congestion, and hemorrhage in the liver. In the kidneys, tubular degeneration and dilation, necrosis, glomerular atrophy, inflammatory cell infiltration, and hemorrhage were observed. Liver and kidney histopathological scores differed significantly between the treatment and control groups (p < 0.001). In conclusion, Cr⁶⁺ exhibits acute toxicity in F. cancrivora and induces histopathological damage to the liver and kidneys.