Factors Influencing Female Workers’ Perception  of Sufficient Work Time: A Survey-Based Study

Nur Anisah Rahmawati; Eighty Mardiyan Kurniawati

doi:10.14710/jphtcr.v8i2.28822

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jphtcr.v8i2.28822

Factors Influencing Female Workers’ Perception of Sufficient Work Time: A Survey-Based Study

Nur Anisah Rahmawati¹ , Eighty Mardiyan Kurniawati²

¹Department of Health, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia

²Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia

Received: 1 Aug 2025; Published: 31 Aug 2025.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

BibTex Citation Data :

@article{JPHTCR28822,
    author = {Nur Anisah Rahmawati and Eighty Kurniawati},
    title = {Factors Influencing Female Workers’ Perception  of Sufficient Work Time: A Survey-Based Study},
    journal = {Journal of Public Health for Tropical and Coastal Region},
  volume = {8},
    number = {2},
    year = {2025},
    keywords = {health disorder, work time, female worker, secondary data analysis, labor force survey, work-life balance},
    abstract = {      Introduction :   Women's participation in the labor market has increased significantly, yet challenges related to fair wages, long working hours, and work-life balance persist. This study addresses the factors influencing female workers’ perceptions of sufficient work time among female workers.     Methods :   This study used secondary data from the 2024 National Labor Force Survey conducted by Indonesia’s Central Bureau of Statistics, focusing on six industrial cities in East Java. A purposive sample of employed women aged 15 years and older with complete data on key variables was selected for the analysis. Data collection was conducted using Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) through the FASIH application. Statistical analyses were performed with a significance level set at   p   < 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals (CI).    Results  :   In total, 1,378 female workers completed the survey. Almost all the female workers (94.0%) felt that their working hours were sufficient. Education (p=0.014), length of work (p=0.07), payroll period (0.002), wages according to the district minimum wage (0.000), and long working hours (0.022) were related to perceived work time sufficiency in female workers, while age (p=0.624), marriage (p=0.642), vision impairment (p=0.956), and hearing loss were not related to perceived work time sufficiency.    Conclusion  : E  mployment conditions, education levels, and wage systems influenced how women perceive their work time adequacy. Adequate wages, access to education for women, and working hours within healthy limits can improve the work-life balance for women.  },
   issn = {2597-4378},   pages = {191--198}  doi = {10.14710/jphtcr.v8i2.28822},
    url = {https://ejournal2.undip.ac.id/index.php/jphtr/article/view/28822}
}

Citation Format:

Abstract

Introduction: Women's participation in the labor market has increased significantly, yet challenges related to fair wages, long working hours, and work-life balance persist. This study addresses the factors influencing female workers’ perceptions of sufficient work time among female workers.

Methods: This study used secondary data from the 2024 National Labor Force Survey conducted by Indonesia’s Central Bureau of Statistics, focusing on six industrial cities in East Java. A purposive sample of employed women aged 15 years and older with complete data on key variables was selected for the analysis. Data collection was conducted using Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) through the FASIH application. Statistical analyses were performed with a significance level set at p < 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results: In total, 1,378 female workers completed the survey. Almost all the female workers (94.0%) felt that their working hours were sufficient. Education (p=0.014), length of work (p=0.07), payroll period (0.002), wages according to the district minimum wage (0.000), and long working hours (0.022) were related to perceived work time sufficiency in female workers, while age (p=0.624), marriage (p=0.642), vision impairment (p=0.956), and hearing loss were not related to perceived work time sufficiency.

Conclusion: Employment conditions, education levels, and wage systems influenced how women perceive their work time adequacy. Adequate wages, access to education for women, and working hours within healthy limits can improve the work-life balance for women.

Fulltext View|Download

Keywords: health disorder, work time, female worker, secondary data analysis, labor force survey, work-life balance

Article Metrics:

Article Info

Section: Articles

Language : EN

In Vol 8, No 2 (2025): Journal of Public Health for Tropical and Coastal Region

Recent articles

The Association between Energy and Protein Density with Obesity among Adults in Tembokrejo Sub-District, Pasuruan City Affordability Assessment of Community Health Centre Services in Klaten Regency Evolution of Maternal Care-Associated Infections at Bogdogo University Hospital in Burkina Faso More recent articles

Lott Y, Chung H. Gender Discrepancies in the Outcomes of Schedule Control on Overtime Hours and Income in Germany. Eur Sociol Rev [Internet]. 2016 Dec 1;32(6):752–65. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcw032
Begum V, Anwer Arshi T, Said Arman A, Saleem Butt A, Latheef S. A study on work-family life imbalance among women administrators in UAE higher education institutions. Heliyon [Internet]. 2024;10(6):e28286. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28286
Pace F, Sciotto G. Gender Differences in the Relationship between Work–Life Balance, Career Opportunities and General Health Perception. Vol. 14, Sustainability. 2022
Sundaresan S. Work-Life Balance-Implications for Working Women. OIDA Int J Sustain Dev [Internet]. 2014;7(7):93–107. Available from: http://www.ssrn.com/link/OIDA-Intl-Journal-Sustainable-Dev.html
Liu T, Gao J, Zhu M, Jin S. Women’s Work-Life Balance in Hospitality: Examining Its Impact on Organizational Commitment. Front Psychol. 2021;12(February):1–12
Shah Chaitali, Raval Avani, Bhatia Mayank, Thanki Shashank. Work-Life Balance Among Working Women: A Study with Reference to Service Industry. NMIMS Manag Rev [Internet]. 2025 Mar 1;33(1):55–64. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/09711023251321667
Adame C, Caplliure EM, Miquel MJ. Work–life balance and firms: A matter of women? J Bus Res [Internet]. 2016;69(4):1379–83. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296315005342
Liu Q, Zhou Z, Wang J, Zhang J, Pang J, Ma L, et al. Gender differences in the relationship between hearing and visual impairments, dual sensory impairment, and depression in middle-aged and elderly populations. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2025;15(1):19442. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-04424-3
Maraziotis F. Flexibility for equality: Examining the impact of flexible working time arrangements on women’s convergence in working hours. Br J Ind Relations. 2024;62(2):410–45
Son Hing LS, Sakr N, Sorenson JB, Stamarski CS, Caniera K, Colaco C. Gender inequities in the workplace: A holistic review of organizational processes and practices. Hum Resour Manag Rev [Internet]. 2023;33(3):100968. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053482223000190
Naseem R, Faiz R, Asad H. Investigating Work-Life Balance among Female Academics. 2020 Jun 1;14:16–38
Verma D, Gautam R. The Effect of Education on Working Women for Work- Life Balance. 2022 Apr 2;5:587–92
Yu WH, Kuo JCL. Time Is Money? Wage Premiums and Penalties for Time-Related Occupational Demands. Am J Sociol. 2022;128(3):820–65
Arntz M, Ben Yahmed S, Berlingieri F. Working from home, hours worked and wages: Heterogeneity by gender and parenthood. Labour Econ [Internet]. 2022;76:102169. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537122000604
Thomas C, Laguda E, Olufemi-Ayoola F, Netzley S, Yu J, Spitzmueller C. Linking Job Work Hours to Women’s Physical Health: The Role of Perceived Unfairness and Household Work Hours. Sex Roles. 2018 Oct 1;79
Stovell C, Besamusca J. Full-time hours, part-time work: questioning the sufficiency of working hours as a measure of employment status. Community Work Fam [Internet]. 2022 Jan 1;25(1):63–83. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2021.1991888
Crudden A, McDonnall M, Tatch A. Unable to work? Characteristics of people with blindness and low vision who are out of the labor force. Disabil Health J. 2023;16(3):1–14
Granberg Sarah, Widén Stephen, Gustafsson Johanna. How to remain in working life with hearing loss – health factors for a sustainable work situation. WORK [Internet]. 2024 Jun 7;79(3):1391–406. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/action/showAbstract

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update:

No citation recorded.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

In order to be accepted and published by Journal of Public Health for Tropical and Coastal Region, the author (s) who submit a manuscript should complete the review process. Journal of Public Health for Tropical and Coastal Region articles are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0). Articles can be read, shared, and adapted even for commercial purposes under the following conditions:

Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.

The copyright of received articles is assigned to the author (s). The author (s) have the right to the articles that have been published. The Editorial Team of Journal of Public Health for Tropical and Coastal Region and the Author(s) strive to ensure that no errors occur in the articles that have been published, both data errors and statements in the articles. Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:

Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
The journal allows the authors to hold the copyright and retain publishing rights without restrictions.
Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during submission, as it can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citation of published work.