skip to main content

Family Vulnerability and Children’ Nutritional Status during COVID-19 Pandemic

1Nutrition Study Program, Universitas Al-Azhar Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

2Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

3Public Health Faculty, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia

4 School of Information and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, United States, United States

5 Institut Pembangunan dan Kebijakan Kesehatan (LK2PK), Indonesia, Indonesia

6 Politeknik Kesehatan Palu, Palu, Indonesia, Indonesia

7 Universitas Al-Azhar Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

View all affiliations
Received: 1 Mar 2022; Published: 31 Aug 2022.
Open Access Copyright (c) 2022 The authors. Published by Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Diponegoro
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Introduction: COVID-19 infected millions of people and became the main mortality worldwide. COVID-19 also affected other health problems, including nutritional problems. This study aimed to find the factors that affected the nutritional and socio-economic status during the COVID-19 pandemic in a neighborhood of DKI Jakarta.

Methods: This study utilized a cross-sectional design. Total sampling method on all families who had children in the 9th Neighborhood, Cawang Sub-District, DKI Jakarta was used. A total of 72 families were involved in this study, and the informants of this study were mothers of under five children. This study utilized a modified questionnaire from the Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) and the Indonesian Nutritional Status Study (SSGI). This study utilized bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results: From all of 72 families with children, it was found that eight children were wasting. The Job-Loss (PHK) has an OR of 37.8 (95%CI: 5.87-748.53; p=0.001), while below poverty line had an OR of 14.24 (95%CI: 3.55-170.35; p=0.004) to be wasted. The multivariate analysis had included covariates such as parental occupation, parental education, and antenatal care (ANC). Job-Loss and Below Poverty Line were the main factors in increasing the risk of malnutrition cases after controlled by covariates.

Conclusion: The decrease in socio-economic status of a family during the pandemic, increased the risk of wasted children. Improvements in policy interventions and socio-economic aids are necessary to improve the nutritional status of under five children in the lower-middle class during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: COVID-19; job loss; nutritional status; nutrition; poverty line; wasting

Article Metrics:

  1. World Health Organization. Situation by Region, Country, Territory & Area. 2021. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/table. Accessed 23 May 2021
  2. Vu THT, Rydland KJ, Achenbach CJ, Van Horn L, Cornelis MC. Dietary behaviors and incident COVID-19 in the uk biobank. Nutrients. 2021;13(6):1–12
  3. Suryahadi A, al Izzati R, Yumna A. The Impact of Covid-19 and Social Protection Programs on Poverty in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies. 2021 Sep 2;57(3):267–96
  4. The United Nations Children’s Fund-Ministry of Finance. Policy Brief: the Impact of the COVID-19 Economic Crisis on Child Poverty and Mobility in Indonesia. 2021. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/coronavirus/reports/policy-brief-covid-19-impact-poverty-mobility-indonesia. Accessed 14 Mar 2022
  5. Ananta A, Moeis AIA, Widianto HT, Yulianto H, Arifin EN. Pension and Active Ageing: Lessons Learned from Civil Servants in Indonesia. Social Sciences. 2021 Nov 15;10(11):436
  6. Central Statistics Agency (BPS). Below Poverty Line According Provinces and Regions 2020-2021. Available from: https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/23/195/1/garis-kemiskinan-rupiah-kapita-bulan-menurut-provinsi-dan-daerah-.html
  7. World Health Organization (WHO). Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. 2004
  8. Penn State University. Logistic Regression. Available from: https://online.stat.psu.edu/stat462/node/207/
  9. Niles MT, Bertmann F, Belarmino EH, Wentworth T, Biehl E, Neff R. The Early Food Insecurity Impacts of COVID-19. Nutrients. 2020 Jul 15;12(7):2096
  10. Huizar MI, Arena R, Laddu DR. The global food syndemic: The impact of food insecurity, Malnutrition and obesity on the healthspan amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2021 Jan;64:105–7
  11. Lauren BN, Silver ER, Faye AS, Rogers AM, Woo-Baidal JA, Ozanne EM, et al. Predictors of households at risk for food insecurity in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health Nutrition. 2021 Aug 27;24(12):3929–36
  12. Bahatheg RO. Young Children’s Nutrition During the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown: A Comparative Study. Early Childhood Education Journal. 2021 Sep 28;49(5):915–23
  13. Wolfson JA, Leung CW. Food Insecurity During COVID-19: An Acute Crisis With Long-Term Health Implications. American Journal of Public Health. 2020 Dec;110(12):1763–5
  14. Singh DR, Sunuwar DR, Shah SK, Sah LK, Karki K, Sah RK. Food insecurity during COVID-19 pandemic: A genuine concern for people from disadvantaged community and low-income families in Province 2 of Nepal. Atiqul Haq SM, editor. PLOS ONE. 2021 Jul 21;16(7):e0254954
  15. Shahzad MA, Qing P, Rizwan M, Razzaq A, Faisal M. COVID-19 Pandemic, Determinants of Food Insecurity, and Household Mitigation Measures: A Case Study of Punjab, Pakistan. Healthcare. 2021 May 22;9(6):621
  16. Elsahoryi N, Al-Sayyed H, Odeh M, McGrattan A, Hammad F. Effect of Covid-19 on food security: A cross-sectional survey. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. 2020 Dec;40:171–8
  17. Jayatissa R, Herath HP, Perera AG, Dayaratne TT, De Alwis ND, Nanayakkara HPLK. Impact of COVID-19 on child malnutrition, obesity in women and household food insecurity in underserved urban settlements in Sri Lanka: a prospective follow-up study. Public Health Nutrition. 2021 Aug 27;24(11):3233–41
  18. Food Insecurity. Public Health Reports. 2016 Sep 24;131(5):655–7
  19. Beal T, Tumilowicz A, Sutrisna A, Izwardy D, Neufeld LM. A review of child stunting determinants in Indonesia. Maternal & Child Nutrition. 2018 Oct 17;14(4):e12617
  20. Titaley CR, Ariawan I, Hapsari D, Muasyaroh A, Dibley MJ. Determinants of the Stunting of Children Under Two Years Old in Indonesia: A Multilevel Analysis of the 2013 Indonesia Basic Health Survey. Nutrients. 2019 May 18;11(5):1106
  21. Erokhin V, Gao T. Impacts of COVID-19 on Trade and Economic Aspects of Food Security: Evidence from 45 Developing Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020 Aug 10;17(16):5775
  22. Central Statistics Agency (BPS). Labour and Employment Condition of Indonesia. 2021. Available from: https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2020/06/19/43f6d15bcc31f4170a89e571/keadaan-pekerja-di-indonesia-februari-2020.html. Accessed 15 Dec 2021
  23. Antipova A. Analysis of the COVID-19 impacts on employment and unemployment across the multi-dimensional social disadvantaged areas. Social Sciences & Humanities Open. 2021;4(1):100224
  24. Roy S, Dutta R, Ghosh P. Identifying key indicators of job loss trends during COVID-19 and beyond. Social Sciences & Humanities Open. 2021;4(1):100163
  25. Fang D, Thomsen MR, Nayga RM, Yang W. Food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from a survey of low-income Americans. Food Security. 2021 Jul 7;
  26. Smed S, Tetens I, Bøker Lund T, Holm L, Ljungdalh Nielsen A. The consequences of unemployment on diet composition and purchase behaviour: a longitudinal study from Denmark. Public Health Nutrition. 2018 Feb 8;21(03):580–92
  27. Iftikhar A, Bari A, Bano I, Masood Q. Impact of maternal education, employment and family size on nutritional status of children. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2017 Nov 15;33(6)
  28. Liu J, Sun J, Huang J, Huo J. Prevalence of Malnutrition and Associated Factors of Stunting among 6–23-Month-Old Infants in Central Rural China in 2019. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021 Aug 2;18(15):8165
  29. Vaivada T, Akseer N, Akseer S, Somaskandan A, Stefopulos M, Bhutta ZA. Stunting in childhood: an overview of global burden, trends, determinants, and drivers of decline. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2020 Sep 14;112 Suppl 2:777S-791S
  30. Han S, Roy PK, Hossain MI, Byun K-H, Choi C, Ha S-D. COVID-19 pandemic crisis and food safety: Implications and inactivation strategies. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2021 Mar;109:25–36
  31. Ma NL, Peng W, Soon CF, Noor Hassim MF, Misbah S, Rahmat Z, et al. Covid-19 pandemic in the lens of food safety and security. Environmental Research. 2021 Feb;193:110405
  32. Laborde D, Martin W, Swinnen J, Vos R. COVID-19 risks to global food security. Science. 2020 Jul 31;369(6503):500–2
  33. Sagala S, Azhari D, Rosyidie A, Annisa SN, Ramadhani AK, Vicri RN, et al. COVID-19 in Indonesia: An Analysis of DKI Jakarta’s COVID-19 Pandemic Response and Its Governance During the New Normal Period. In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Social Science, Humanity, and Public Health (ICOSHIP 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press; 2021
  34. Wicaksana Prakasa SU, Hariri A, Nuriyah I, Asis A, Salam I. Social aid of Covid-19 corruption: strategy and mitigation policy of Muhammadiyah East Java. Legality : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum. 2021 Feb 2;29(1):27–45
  35. Rulandari N, Natision A, Esien EB, Kesmawan AP. The Policy Implementation Of Social Ministry’s Cash Assistance Program During The Covid-19 Pandemic In Jakarta. Journal of Governance and Public Policy. 2022 Jan 31;9(1):48-61
  36. Anwar F, Khomsan A, Sukandar D, Riyadi H, Mudjajanto ES. High participation in the Posyandu nutrition program improved children nutritional status. Nutrition Research and Practice. 2010;4(3):208

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update:

No citation recorded.

slot gacor slot