Growth Performance of Scalloped Spiny Lobster ( Panulirus homarus ) Given Artificial Feed Based on Chicken Eggs Hatching Waste

The availability of cheap and high nutritional value artificial feed is a prerequisite for the sustainability of lobster cultivation. In this study, the lobster feed formula was made based on chicken egg hatching waste and maggot flour. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of scalloped spiny lobsters with artificial feed treatment P1 (70% fish meal + 0% hatching waste), P2 treatment (50% fishmeal + 20% hatching waste), P3 treatment (30% fishmeal + 40% hatching waste)


INTRODUCTION
Scalloped spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus) is one of Indonesia's marine fishery commodities which can be found especially in the waters of the Indian Ocean. Scalloped spiny lobster is a potential type of lobster because it has high economic value (Asvin et al., 2019). Market consumption demand continues to increase based on data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) recorded lobster seeds exported in 2019 which was 1,633,220 kg or worth US$ 33,189,390 and in 2020 increased to 2,150,420 kg or worth US$ 76,106,250 (KKP, 2020). The increasing demand has resulted in the increasingly expensive price of lobster fry (puerulus) resulting in high lobster fry fishing. The price of scalloped spiny lobster clear seeds in 2014 for a size of 2-3 cm ranged from Rp. 14,000/head -Rp. 20,000/head (Witomo and Nurlaili, 2015), while in 2018 the price of lobster fry increased to Rp. 18,000/head -Rp. 26,000/head. The high selling value makes the exploitation of lobsters in nature very intensive and if not balanced with conservation will threaten the extinction of lobster resources (Adhiatma, 2019).
Efforts that can be made for the preservation of lobster resources and long-term stock sustainability are by cultivating lobsters. One of the factors that determine the success of lobster farming to support growth and survival is feed. Quality feed that is easily digested, complete nutritional content and does not contain harmful substances (Yunaidi et al., 2019). In addition, the nutritional content in the feed must also be considered, including proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals and vitamins. The nutritional content is very important for fish as a source of energy and grow (Taufiq et al., 2016).
Currently, feeding lobsters still relies on fresh trash fish, one of which is the type of green anchovies (terijo). Terijo fish contains 64.33% protein, 1.14% carbohydrates, 7.40% fat, and 4.15% Ca (Susi, 2013). However, the provision of fresh trash fish has disadvantages, namely it rots quickly, is easily damaged, the price is expensive and its availability in certain seasons (Suharyanto, 2012). Ridwanudin et al. (2018) states that the weakness of giving trash fish also affects the low feed conversion ratio, so that the number of trash fish needed for growth is getting more and more.
The lobster cultivation area in East Lombok is 2,195 hectares. Meanwhile, the potential land area for lobster cultivation is 731.84 hectares, the area of land that has been utilized is 16.06 hectares, the percentage of new land concentration reaches 2.2 percent. Its development areas are in Srewe Bay, Jukung Bay and Ekas Bay. The number of cultivators and Floating Net Cages (KJA) located in the Jerowaru and Keruak Districts, so far as many as 147 KJA. With the number of members reaching 1,809 people and the number of KJA (plots/holes) 8,438. The number of KJA in each area includes KJA Teluk Jukung 6,069 holes, Ekas Bay Area 2,313 holes and Sriwe Bay area 56 holes. Lobster farming in this region relies entirely on feed from trash fish which is difficult to obtain and their availability is not continuous. For this reason, the presence of artificial feed whose raw materials are not competitive with human needs is urgently needed.
Some materials that have high enough nutrition and are not competitive with human needs and can be used as raw material for lobster feed are chicken egg hatching waste. The nutrients in chicken egg hatching waste are very high, including crude protein, crude fat, ash, metabolic energy and minerals (Mehdipour et al., 2009;Inderaswari & Ari, 2017;Orrico et al., 2020). It is further explained that the mineral content in the shell of chicken eggs is Ca can reach 37.30%; magnesium 0.38%; phosphorus (P) 0.35%; carbonate 58% and manganese 7%. In this study, a study of the growth performance of scalloped spiny lobsters given artificial feed containing chicken egg hatching waste of different levels was carried out.

MATERIAL AND METHOD
This study was conducted using an experimental method using a Complete Randomized Design (RAL). The treatment aimed to determine the effect of adding a combination of chicken egg hatching waste flour with different doses on feed with four treatments and three replication so that a total of 12 experimental units were obtained as follows: P1= (chicken egg hatching waste flour 0%), P2= (chicken egg hatching waste flour 20%), P3= (chicken egg hatching waste flour 40%), and P4 = (chicken egg hatching waste flour 60%) Artificial feed formulations of scalloped spiny lobster look in Table 1.

Research Procedure
Feed Preparation and Production: The first step is to make chicken egg hatching waste flour. First of all, the waste of hatching chicken eggs is cleaned of shells, dead embryos, dead DOC, blood spots and other impurities. Furthermore, this waste is steamed for 25 minutes, cooled and than blended to form small particles. After that, the blended waste is roasted using medium heat until golden brown. Furthermore, grinding is done to form chicken egg hatching waste flour. The ready-made chicken egg hatchery waste flour is subjected to a proximate analysis before it is formulated into pellet feed.
The pellet feed is made as follows: all ingredients (egg hatching waste flour, corn flour, agar powder, fish oil, vitamin mix, and mineral mix) are weighed according to the composition of raw materials in Table 1. After all the ingredients are weighed, they are manually mixed starting with the smallest amount of ingredients, then gradually adding the larger ones to ensure that all the ingredients are evenly mixed. To make it more homogeneous, the feed mixture is mixed using a mixer (PICO Mixer MX 500 brand). The next step is the making of the dough by slowly adding clean water to the feed mixture while stirring slowly using the mixer until the dough is smooth. The smooth dough is steamed for 10 minutes and then cooled. The final step is the feed molding, which is done using a feed molding tool with a size of 1 cm in length and 3 mm in diameter, which is suitable for the lobster's mouth size of 1 cm (Anggraini et al., 2018). After that, the feed is placed in plastic and stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. A total of 5 kg of pellet feed is produced for a 60-day rearing period. After that, the feed is put into a plastic and then stored in a cool room temperature, not damp and not exposed to direct sunlight.

Container preparation:
The container used in this study is a plastic container with a length of 55 cm, width of 38 cm, and height of 34.5 cm, with a volume of 52 L each. Twelve containers were used, and each was filled with 46 L of water. Before use, the containers were thoroughly washed with seawater until there was no plastic smell. Then, the containers were soaked in seawater for approximately 3 days. After that, the lobsters were ready to be transferred into the containers.
Lobster Preparation: Each container is filled with 20 scalloped spiny lobsters per m2 with a size of 1.5 -3.5 cm. The lobster seedlings were obtained from fishermen of Teluk Awang, Mertak Village, Pujut District, Central Lombok Regency. Before the rearing process of all lobster samples are carried out preliminary weight and length measurements.
Lobster Rearing: The lobster were reared for 60 days. During the rearing period, feeding, siphoning, weighing, and measuring water quality were conducted. Artificial feed was provided twice a day at 08.00 am and 06.00 pm (Achmad et al., 2021). Length and weight measurements of scalloped spiny lobsters were taken every 15 days by measuring all the lobsters in each rearing container. Siphoning was performed every 2 days to remove any remaining feed or feces to prevent accumulation and decay in the rearing media. Water quality measurements were taken every 15 days.

Research Variable
The variable tested in this study are Absolute Weight Growth, Absolute Length Growth, Survival Rate (SR), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), and Feed Conversion Rate (FCR). Water quality parameters are carried out every 15 days to measure temperature, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen (DO). Absolute Weight Growth. Growth is calculated according to the formula (Effendie, 1979) Absolute Length Growth. The calculation of absolute length is carried out using the formula (Effendie, 1979):

= −
Lobster growth during the study was calculated using a specific growth rate formula (SGR) as follows (Effendie, 1979;Putra et al., 2019): Feed conversion ratio (FCR) calculated by using formulas (Dhewantara, 2021): Survival rate of Lobster observed and calculated using formula ((Solanki et al., 2012): Molting frequency. The calculation of molting frequency is done by counting the number of sand lobster populations that undergo complete molting during the 60-day rearing (Hakim, 2009).
Note: Wt, Wd and Wo = the lobster's weights at the final, the dead and the initial of the feeding experiment (g); Lt and Lo = the lobster's lengths at the final and the initial of the feeding experiment (cm). t is the experimental period (days); f amount of feed (g)and Nt and No = the number of lobsters at the final and initial of the experiment.

Data Analysis
The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a confidence level of 95%. If the statistical analysis results show a different effect, then a further Duncan test is carried out. Meanwhile, for proximate analysis and water quality parameters, they were analyzed descriptively.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Generally, the results showed that the addition of chicken egg hatching waste to the feed of scalloped spiny lobsters with different compositions had a significantly different effect on their growth, which refers to an increase in size, weight, and length over time. Green et al. (2014) state that lobster growth is influenced by both internal and external factors. Internal factors that affect growth include heredity, sex, age, parasites, and disease, while external factors include food, temperature, salinity, and water oxygen. More specifically, the following section explains the effect of adding chicken egg hatching waste on the growth performance of scalloped spiny lobsters The results of observing the growth of spiny lobsters after being raised for 60 days showed that there were differences in the absolute weight growth of spiny lobsters that were given feed treatments containing different concentrations of chicken egg hatching waste ( Figure 1). Figure 1 shows that the P3 treatment gave the highest average absolute weight growth of scalloped spiny lobster with a value of 1.47 g followed successively by the P2 treatment of 1.16 g, P1 of 1.03 g, and the lowest absolute weight value was found in the P4 treatment of 0.9 g. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the addition of chicken egg hatching waste to lobster feed had a significant effect on the growth of spiny lobsters. Therefore, a Duncan's post-hoc test was conducted to determine the best treatment. The results of the Duncan's test showed that treatment P3 was significantly different from treatments P1 and P4, but not significantly different from treatment P2. After that, there was no significant difference between treatments P2, P1, and P4. Based on the results obtained, it was found that treatment P3 (with the addition of 40% chicken egg hatching waste to lobster feed) was the best treatment.

Figure 1. Absolute Weight Growth of Scalloped spiny Lobsters raised for 60 days
The results of the study show that adding chicken egg hatching waste to lobster feed can increase the absolute weight growth of spiny lobsters (Panulirus homarus). The addition of chicken egg hatching waste to lobster feed (treatments P2 and P3) resulted in a tendency of increased absolute weight growth compared to the treatment without chicken egg hatching waste (Treatment P1). The increased absolute weight growth in treatments other than P1 were caused by the fact that the chicken egg hatching waste added to the lobster feed contains animal protein which is almost equivalent to meat meal. Additionally, chicken egg hatching waste is an excellent source of protein and is easily digested by the animal body.
Based on research cited from Nugroho et al. (2016) and Nurmaslakhah et al. (2017), the utilization of 40% chicken egg hatching waste in feed formulation is considered optimal due to its nutritional value being almost equivalent to meat meal. Furthermore, the use of chicken egg hatching waste as feed is considered more beneficial compared to using soybean meal or fish meal. Therefore, it is recommended to use chicken egg hatching waste in feed formulation within the range of 30-50%. Treatment P3 has the best absolute weight growth due to the fact that the use of chicken egg hatching waste in feed formulation provides sufficient nutrition for livestock growth. This indicates that the utilization of chicken egg hatching waste as feed can be a good alternative in developing sustainable and environmentally friendly aquaculture industry.
On the contrary, a decrease in absolute weight gain of lobsters occurred in treatment P4 (60% chicken egg hatching waste in the feed). This can be attributed to the significant decrease in protein content of the feed due to the use of 60% chicken egg hatching waste, where treatment P4 only contained 10% fish meal and 16% maggot meal. Proximate analysis results showed that the protein content of feed formula P4 was 36.4% and the fat content was 21.98% (Table 1) Level of chicken egg hatching waste content is considered far from optimal to meet the growth requirements of lobsters. Protein is the most important aspect of nutrition that should be available in sufficient amounts in feed to meet the nutritional requirements of the cultured biota, as the availability of sufficient nutrients in feed will affect the growth of the cultured biota. Conklin et al. (1983) cited in Makasangkil et al. (2017 stated that there was a decrease in body weight of coral lobsters if the protein content in their diet was less than 60%.
In the P4 treatment, the fat content of the feed was very high. High levels of feed fat can reduce feed consumption because fat is digested more slowly than carbohydrates and protein.
Thus, if the feed contains high levels of fat, digestion will be disrupted and can cause animals to feel full longer, so they will be less interested in eating. In addition, high levels of feed fat can also cause a decrease in feed quality because it can affect the availability of nutrients. Therefore, the use of feed containing a balanced fat content is very important to maintain optimal health and growth in animals.

Absolute Length Growth
The results of the observation of the absolute length growth of scalloped spiny lobster after conducting research for 60 days showed that there was a difference in the absolute length of scalloped spiny lobster that were given feed treatments containing different concentrations of chicken egg hatching waste (Figure 2).
In general, the data in Figure 4 shows that the addition of 20 to 40% egg hatching waste can increase the absolute length growth of spiny lobsters. Even in treatment P3, the sand lobster shows the highest absolute length growth rate. This result is consistent with the measurement of absolute weight growth rate in spiny lobsters. The analysis of variance indicates that the addition of egg hatching waste to the sand lobster feed produces a significant difference in the length growth of the sand lobster. Therefore, a Duncan test was conducted to determine the best treatment. The post-hoc test showed that treatment P3 was significantly different from treatment P4 but not significantly different from treatment P2 and P1. After that, P2, P1, and P4 were not significantly different.
The use of chicken egg hatching waste in feed affects the absolute growth of lobsters because besides its high protein content, the sufficient availability of calcium in the feed containing egg hatching waste will also affect the growth of sand lobsters. Calcium is needed by Level of chicken egg hatching waste sand lobsters and other crustaceans in the process of hardening their shells after moulting. This is supported by Yulihartini et al. (2016) who stated that calcium is useful in the formation and hardening of the new skin of shrimp. Adequate availability of calcium will make the moulting process of shrimp run smoothly and quickly. The faster the moulting recovery process of shrimp, the better their growth. Lobster growth can occur optimally if the calcium that enters their body meets the required concentration. The calcium absorbed by lobsters can come from food, water, and the cannibalism or predation of shed shells (Hakim, 2009). That is why, according to Kholis et al. (2021), length growth is more dominant than weight gain in lobsters' growth. Lobster growth is influenced by several factors such as gender, food availability especially calcium, competition and predation, age, and water quality.

Specific Growth Rate (SGR)
The results of observations of scalloped spiny lobster growth after 60 days of maintenance showed that there were differences in the specific growth rate of scalloped spiny lobsters that were given feed treatments containing different concentrations of chicken egg hatching waste (Figure 3). Figure 5 shows that the highest specific growth rate of sand lobsters is found in treatment P3 with a value of 0.73%, followed by P2 at 0.69%. Meanwhile, the specific growth rate in treatment P1 is equally low as treatment P4 at 0.56%. The analysis of variance results indicate that the addition of chicken egg hatching waste to lobster feed does not have a significant effect on the growth of sand lobsters.
The results of statistical analysis of the specific growth rate of sand lobsters after a 60-day maintenance process indicate no significant differences among the treatments, indicating that the use of chicken egg hatching waste can be substituted for fishmeal in lobster feed. This means that this substitution can support the nutritional requirements for lobster growth. In addition, the combination of protein sources between fishmeal and chicken egg hatching waste in a certain dosage provides good growth for sand lobsters. This is consistent with Ridwanudin et al. (2018) that the combination of different protein sources in sand lobster feed allows for the fulfillment of nutrient intake such as amino acids or fatty acids that can support the growth of sand lobsters.
The ability of chicken egg hatching waste to substitute fish meal in lobster feed can be understood because eggs are a source of animal protein that has high nutritional value. The proximate analysis of chicken egg hatching waste flour showed that it contains 36.24% protein and 29.59% fat. According to Wulandari dan Arief (2022), eggs contain high-quality protein because they have a complete essential amino acid composition and have a high biological value of 100%. Additionally, according to Sidiq (2014), eggs contain a complete range of vitamins, including vitamin A, vitamin B, niacin, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin E, and vitamin D.

Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
The results of the calculation of the feed conversion ratio of scalloped spiny lobsters under different treatments of chicken egg hatching waste flour after 60 days of rearing showed differences (Figure 4). Figure 4 shows that the lowest average value of feed conversion ratio was found in treatment P4 with a value of 3.04, followed by P3 at 4.01, P2 at 5.06, and the highest feed conversion ratio value was found in treatment P1 at 9.1. The analysis of variance results showed that the addition of chicken egg hatching waste to sand lobster feed had a significant effect on the feed conversion ratio value. The Duncan test results showed that treatment P4 was significantly different from treatment P1, but not significantly different from treatments P3 and P2.
The feed conversion ratio (FCR) is the ratio of the amount of feed eaten to lobster meat produced from the use of feed. The smaller the feed conversion value, the better the utilization of feed given to scalloped spiny lobsters raised and vice versa. The results showed that the lowest feed conversion value (FCR) was found in the P4 treatment with a value of 3.04 and the highest feed conversion value in the P1 treatment was 9.1. This suggests that feeding chicken egg hatching waste at different doses has a significant influence on the value of the feed conversion ratio.
The differences in FCR values among each treatment are possible due to several factors, including 1) the high fat content of the feed, especially in treatment P4 (21.98%), which resulted in a decrease in feed consumption, and 2) the different number of lobsters in each treatment due to the cannibalistic behavior of lobsters. The death of lobsters due to cannibalism affects the energy source obtained by lobsters not only from the feed but also from the energy gained by consuming their peers, which causes an increase in additional energy for lobsters. This condition is in line with the opinion of Adiyana (2017), who stated that the cannibalism that occurs in the treatment may result in lower FCR of the lobsters in that treatment. The use of energy derived not from feed but obtained from consuming peers is suspected to be an additional energy source that supports growth. FCR values from this study showed values that were the differ as the results of Slamet et al., (2020) research, namely the FCR values of lobsters fed artificial feed ranged from 3.0-3.20.  Level of chicken egg hatching waste

Molting Frequency
The molting frequency is the number of molting events that occur in scalloped spiny lobsters during the study. Molting is one of the growth parameters of sand lobsters. The results of the observation of the precursor lobster molting value after 60 days of rearing showed that there were differences in molting precursence values that were given feed treatments containing different concentrations of chicken egg hatching waste ( Figure 5). Figure 8 shows that the lowest molting frequency value is found in treatment P1 with a value of 9 individuals, followed by P3 with 13 individuals, P4 with 14 individuals, and the highest molting frequency value is found in treatment P2 with a value of 15 individuals. The more lobsters undergo molting, the more growth occurs in the lobsters, but the greater the likelihood of cannibalism. The results of the variance analysis indicate that the addition of chicken egg hatching waste to sand lobster feed does not have a significant effect on the molting percentage of sand lobster feed.
Molting is a change of skin in lobsters where lobsters experience growth and increase in body weight. The ability to molt is very necessary for scalloped spiny lobsters to grow and increase in size. Lobsters molting must have enough energy to replace their old skin with new skin. The energy obtained from the food eaten, without sufficient energy, the scalloped spiny lobster will fail to molt and can result in death. Lobster yang mati saat molting di duga mengalami penyerangan dari lobster yang lain. When the lobster molts, quite a lot of energy is released and it tends to make the lobster weak and also the lobster shell is still very soft when it is finished molting (Hakim, 2009). Lobster shells that have just finished molting require 1-2 weeks to harden without disturbance from the sea or from within. If the lobster experiences a threat, the lobster will become stressed and die. According to Prastowo et al., (2021) that scalloped spiny lobsters that change their shells need conditions and atmosphere that support them, without any disturbances, either from sound, vibration or the sound of human stomping around the rearing container.
In this study, the highest molting frequency occurred in treatment P2 with 15 molts, then treatment P4 with 14 molts, treatment P3 with 13 molts and the lowest molt was found in treatment P1 with 9 molts. According to Lesmana and Mumpuni (2021) that the lobster undergoes molting during its lifetime so that growth will be able to occur. Molting activity in lobsters serves to stimulate growth as well as repairing damaged parts of the lobster's body such as broken legs or anten so that the lobster's body is normal again. The activity of molting depends on the availability of calcium. It is known that egg-hatching waste from chickens contains high levels of minerals, including calcium. Yuwanta (2010) stated that the nutrient content in the hatching waste includes crude protein 36.24%, crude fat 29.59%, crude fiber 0.92%, ash 25.16%, metabolic energy 2795.24 Kcal/kg, calcium 10.73%, and phosphorus 0.69%. Furthermore, it is explained that the Ca content can reach 37.30%; magnesium 0.38%; phosphorus (P) 0.35%; carbonate 58%, and manganese 7% if the chicken egg-hatching waste is not separated from its shells. Thus, it can be said that the calcium content in the chicken egg-hatching waste is sufficient to meet the needs of the reared lobsters to accelerate the hardening of the lobster shell after molting

Survival Rate (SR)
The results of the analysis of the survival rate value of scalloped spiny lobsters after 60 days of maintenance period showed that there were differences in SR values in various treatments in the maintenance media ( Figure 6). Figure 6 shows that the highest average live survival value of scalloped spiny lobster was found in the P1 treatment with a value of 100%, followed successively by the P2 treatment of 75%, P3 of 67% and the lowest survival value was found in the P4 treatment with a value of 58%. In general, the percentage of survival rate in this study was higher than that of Slamet et al., (2020), which ranged from 16.7% -39% for 120 days of lobster rearing. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the results of adding chicken egg hatching waste to granulated lobster feed had a real effect on the survival of scalloped spiny lobter. After that, Duncan's further test was carried out to find out the best treatment, the test results showed that the P1 treatment was significantly different from the P4 treatment but did not differ markedly from the P2 and P3 treatment.
The survival rate (SR) of scalloped spiny lobsters in each treatment has an average percentage of the total number of scalloped spiny lobsters that survived from the beginning of stocking until the end of the study. Based on the research results, the highest SR value was found in treatment P1 with a value of 100%, and the lowest SR value was found in treatment P4 with a value of 58%. This shows that the provision of chicken egg hatching waste significantly affects the decrease in the survival rate of lobsters. It is apparent that the higher the level of chicken egg hatching waste, the lower the survival rate of lobsters. The decrease in the survival rate of lobsters is suspected to be related to the frequency of molting, which can trigger cannibalism. According to Cokrowati et al. (2012), the survival rate will decrease in lobsters that molt frequently due to the risk of cannibalism from other lobsters, leaving them with no adequate shelter and being easily attacked, while the food supply should still be available. Furthermore, the increased mortality of lobsters fed with chicken egg hatching waste is suspected to occur because their appetite is reduced due to the high fat content in the food. Appetite is a stimulus perceived by organisms to consume food, and if an organism lacks sufficient food or nutrition, its growth may be inhibited, and it may face health problems or even die.

Water quality
Before the study took place, researchers had confirmed that the conditions of the aquaculture water were at the normal threshold for lobster cultivation. Observation of water quality parameters which include values of the temperature range, pH, DO and salinity. The results of 60 days of water quality adjustment are presented in Table 2.
In general, it can be seen from Table 2 that after 60 days of scalloped spiny lobster rearing period, it shows that the range of water quality parameter values is still within the feasibility limit of scalloped spiny lobster rearing. Temperature is a very important parameter because it can affect other parameters, for example the higher the temperature, the lower the dissolved oxygen level. During the research process, the temperature value obtained was still the optimal range for scalloped spiny lobsters in all treatments, which is between 29-30 o C. According to Adiyana (2015; 2017) the optimum temperature range for marine life is 24-32 o C, so that overall temperature conditions during maintenance are still within the optimum temperature range for lobster cultivation. This is in line with the opinion of Junaidi et al., (2018) that the temperature of 31,06 o C in this research is still classified as good for lobster cultivation.
The pH level during the study had a minimum value of 7.5 and a maximum value of 8.1. The water's pH value is influenced by CO2 concentration during the day due to photosynthesis, causing a decrease in CO2 concentration and an increase in water pH. Conversely, during the night, all organisms in the water release CO2 from respiration, causing the water pH to decrease (Supriatna et al. 2020). However, the pH value range in this study is still within the optimal range for lobster  Level of chicken egg hatching waste cultivation. According to Prama et al. (2022), the recommended pH value for lobster cultivation is within the range of 6.5-9, while the optimal pH for marine biota is within the range of 7.5-8.5. If the pH value increases beyond the optimal range, it can be harmful to the cultured biota as it may cause stress and death.
The next parameter that is highly required for the growth and survival of lobsters in lobster breeding media is the dissolved oxygen (DO) level. The range of dissolved oxygen during the breeding process is 4.5-4.9 mg/L. This level of dissolved oxygen is still within the optimal range for sand lobsters. According to Yoga et al. (2020), the DO level in the breeding media for sand lobster larvae ranges from 5.51-5.96 ppm. However, Prama and Kurniaji (2022) stated that the range of 4.6-6.3 is still within the tolerance limits for the growth and survival of sand lobster larvae. This is also reinforced by Phillips & Kittaka's (2000) statement that the minimum dissolved oxygen concentration that can be used for lobster farming is 40-80 saturation or equivalent to 2.7-5.4 mg/L. Furthermore, Boyd & Tucker (1998) mentioned that the recommended dissolved oxygen for lobster farming is (>5 mg/L), while the optimum dissolved oxygen content in marine organisms is 5-6 grams/L. Salinity is the level of salt content and saltiness in water, soil or other liquids. suitability of salinity is very important for the growth of lobsters (Vidya & Joseph, 2012). The salinity content during the scalloped spiny lobster rearing process has the lowest salinity value of 33 ppt and the highest range of values is 34 ppt. The salinity level from the results of this study is still within optimal limits for scalloped spiny lobster cultivation. The high and low values of salinity in waters are caused by rising water temperatures and other factors such as continuous rain which change the salinity of waters. According to Lestari et al., (2018) that the salinity in the waters required by sea lobsters for growth ranges from 28-32 ppt.

CONCLUSION
The results of this research can be concluded that the addition of chicken egg hatching waste to the scalloped spiny lobster artificial feed has a significant effect on the growth, molting, and survival of lobsters. The best dosage of chicken egg hatching waste mixed with lobster artificial feed is 40% (treatment P3). It is recommended that the use of chicken egg hatching waste flour as a substitute for fish flour in lobster artificial feed should be in the range of 20-40% because at this concentration, the growth is quite good, the frequency of molting is quite high, and the relative survival is still within the tolerance limits.