Historical Review of Smallholder Coffee Farmers Population in Kayumas Village, Situbondo Regency

This study discusses the historical context of the existence of community coffee farmers in Kayumas Village, Arjasa District, Situbondo Regency, starting in 1883 until the formation of a coffee farmer group in 2018. Based on the historical research using primary and secondary sources, this study informs that before Persil Kayumas were rented by a Dutch investor named H. H. van Kol and his colleague J. C. Egter van Wissekerke in 1883, there were already some residents who were growing Arabica coffee. Arabica coffee cultivation was ultimately carried out from generation to generation, because farmers knew that the market for Arabica coffee was higher than products outside of coffee, such as ginger, tobacco, and so on. It was proven that in 2018, eight coffee farmer groups consisting of 410 farmers were formed.

regulations which were promulgated on 20 July 1870, under the name Agrarische Besluit (Staatsblad 1870). With the enactment of this regulation, the customary rights or values governing area ownership by residents would still be recognized and respected by the Dutch colonial government, and would even be guaranteed by colonial legal institutions by being released in laws and ratified by the highest authority in the Dutch East Indies territory, namely the Governor General (Vollenhoven, 1931).
The previous-two regulations can be a magnet for European investors to invest in the Dutch East Indies. They are competing to invest in Besuki Residency. The investors are engaged in the crop business which sells well in the European market (i.e., coffee, sugar cane processed into sugar, tobacco, and so on), by renting area used to establish modern plantations.
Almost the entire area of Besuki Residency offered by the Dutch Colonial government was leased by investors. Starting from 1883-1922, the Afdeling Panarukan and Regentschap Bondowoso had increasingly become the target of investors when the Agrarische Wet and Agrarische Besluit regulations were enacted. These European investors were (1) van Hoboken & Co., vervolg., in 1910, opened a tobacco plantation in Soekasarie; (7) NV Tabakcultuur Maatschappij "Soember Sarie" under the flag of A. Van Hoboken & Co., vervolg., in 1922 opened a tobacco plantation (Bestuur, 1915).
Furthermore, the investors also rented land from indigenous peoples which were used to establish tobacco and sugar cane plantations, including: (1) (Bestuur, 1915).
The modern plantation companies founded by investors certainly have an impact on the lives of the people living around the plantations. The establishment of the coffee plantation company NV "Cultuur Maatschappij Kajoemaas" (Izzah et al., 2022) rented erfpacht land in the Kayumas Persil, Sumberwaru District afdeling Panarukan, had inspired the community to participate in planting Arabica coffee. Arabica coffee has coffee beans that are relatively larger and more oval in shape than Robusta coffee beans (Mihailova et al., 2022). The Arabica coffee bean processing process usually involves a lighter roast to maintain its distinctive flavor and aroma characteristics (Abubakar et al., 2021). Arabica coffee is distinguished by its smooth, balanced, nuanced flavor, and has a more acidic flavor and has less caffeine than other forms of coffee, such as Robusta coffee (Santosa et al., 2020).
This study was conducted in Kayumas Village, Arjasa District, Situbondo Regency. During the Dutch Colonial period, the village was part of the Sumberwaru District, Afdeling Panarukan. The name 'Kayumas' had existed before the Dutch investor rented a land in Kayumas. This study aimed to reveal the existence of coffee farmers as smallholders in Kayumas Village from the Dutch colonial era to the formation of a coffee farmer group in 2018. Smallholders can be defined as farmers or owners of small agricultural land who have a relatively small business scale (Agussabti et al., 2020). They often own smaller farms than huge agricultural corporations or large-scale plantations. Smallholders often manage their own land and make use of scarce resources such as land, water, labour, and capital. Kayumas Village is an area where the majority of the farmers were planting Arabica coffee, and the minority of them were planting Robusta coffee. For the farmers as smallholders, they plant Arabica coffee because the position of the area is over 800dpl apart from the price of Arabica coffee that has a high price.

Method
This study used the historical method as it had been used by some previous researchers, such as Rochwulaningsih (2016) Puguh & Utama (2018). The historical method is used to reveal the history of Kayumas Village coffee farmers from the Dutch colonial era to the formation of coffee farmer groups in 2018 in detailed and chronological order. There were four stages we carried out in this study, namely: 1) the heuristic stage, namely collecting data sources; 2) the critical stage to sort out the data; 3) the interpretation stage to analyze the data; and 4) the historiography to carry out historical writing into a form of a manuscript (Gottschalk, 1986;Black & MacRaild, 2007).
Furthermore, this study was using primary and secondary sources. The primary source was obtained through observation, participation, and interview (Rochwulaningsih, 2015;Alamsyah, 2015;Indrahti et al., 2017;Indrahti et al., 2018;Rochwulaningsih 2018;Amaruli et al., 2022), as well as using colonial data sources. In this case, we carried out a series of visits (Basuki, 2006) to Kayumas Village. The interview was used to obtain information about the existence of the coffee farmers in Kayumas Village, with some key informants: coffee farmers, coffee plantation workers, heads of coffee farmer groups, and Kayumas Village officials. Meanwhile, the colonial sources used both primary sources and secondary sources. The contemporary colonial sources included information obtained from a book commemorating the 50 th anniversary of the establishment of NV Cultuur Maatschappij Kajoemaas (Lid van de Firma van Heekeren & Co., Naamlooze Vennootschap Cultuur Maatschappij Kajoemaas 1883 -1933) (Amsterdam: Directeuren der NV Cultuur My "Kajoemaas, 1933).  The plantation companies established by investors do not always get profits immediately. It takes patience, tenacity, and struggle, as an investor who owns an occupant company like George Birnie (Izzah, 2021). At the beginning of the business to develop tobacco plantations, he also experienced losses since the tobacco business began in 1859-1861. These consecutive losses did not dampen George Birnie's enthusiasm to stop trying. Likewise, the coffee plantation business opened by J. C. Egter van Wissekerke and H. H. van Kol in Persil Kayumas suffered losses several years after it was founded in 1883-1898. It was only in 1899 that there were not so many profits, only 5% from 2,996 kilograms of HS-type coffee. In that year, the price of coffee/kilograms f was 35, so the profit was only f 5,243. New increased profits were obtained between 1907-1931 (see Appendix 3 in Lid van de Firma van Heekeren & Co., 1933).

Naamlooze Vennootschap (NV) Cultuur Maatschappij Kajoemaas in 1883
On the other hand, the former indigenous people around the NV Cultuur Maatschappij Kajoemaas coffee plantations had planted coffee in their gardens and fields. They learned to grow coffee when they became plantation workers in Regentschap Banyuwangi. The residents' coffee production was purchased by the company NV Cultuur Maatschappij Kajoemaas. The owners of coffee area in the gardens and fields included Wariati, Soeki, Pa Poernam, and Poerdjo with a total of 102 bau and 172 Rr of coffee being planted (Lid van de Firma van Heekeren & Co., 1933).

The Great Role of Panarukan Port
The most important ports on the North Coast of Java during the Dutch colonial period were Besuki Port, Panarukan Port, and Jangkar Port. Besuki Port is used for boat voyages to Madura and for ships carrying sugar from the Boedoean and De Maas factories. Jangkar Port is only useful for the export of sugar from the Asembagus Factory. Panarukan Port is the most important port. In 1928, Panaroekan Maatschappij built a new warehouse to store sugar with a capacity of 100,000 kilograms. The shipping company "Bodemeijer" organized shipping from Sumenep to Panarukan every day. People from Madura and Sapudi who came to Afdeling Panarukan and Regentschap Bondowoso to find work used this shipping traffic. When a ship arrived at the port, buses were available to transport them to Panarukan, Bondowoso, Jember, and Banyuwangi. The transportation facilities and infrastructures made by the Dutch Colonial government become an economic node that made it easier to bring the people's crops, as well as the results of plantation companies inland.
On the other hand, the Dutch Colonial government also provided road facilities from Kayumas plantation to Situbondo (Lid van de Firma van Heekeren & Co., 1933). This facility was to make it easier for plantation companies to bring plantation products into Panarukan Port. From the Panarukan Port, the plantation product was brought to Batavia to go to Rotterdam, the Netherlands by the steamship "Rotterdamsche Lloyd" (De Indische Mercuur, 47e Jaargang No. 47, 21 November 1924: 824). Arabica coffee products from the plantation company NV Cultuur Maatschappij Kajoemaas which were exported to Europe were known as Javakoffie-land Kajoemaas, because they had a unique and delicious taste.

Arabica Coffee Plantation: A Generational Business
The people living in Persil Kayumas existed in 1883, before being rented by J. C. Egter van Wissekerke and H. H. van Kol. They supported their economy by growing Arabica coffee. In the end, the production results were sold to both investors. The opening of the Arabica Coffee plantation company NV Cultuur Maatschappij Kajoemaas certainly requires a large number of workers, because the area that was leased in Persil Kayumas was 504 bau, and 545 bau in Persil Taman Arum. The workers were brought in from the Madura region through Panarukan Port. Certainly, this evidence was inseparable from the contribution of the indigenous people around the plantation, where the majority of the people were Madurese. They brought their relatives from Madura Island to work on the plantations.
The large number of people who work as laborers on plantations owned by J. C. Egter van Wissekerke and H. H. van Kol will later inspire them to participate in planting coffee in their gardens or fields. This is evident from their descendants continuing to grow coffee plants in the gardens they have inherited (interview with Edianto, head of the "Delima" coffee farmer group, May 20, 2022). Likewise, with the coffee farmers in Kayumas Village, the majority continued the coffee plantation business from their parents or grandfathers (interview with Mulyono, head of the "Mulya Jaya" coffee farmer group, June 1, 2022). Similarly to this evidence, a study on Guatemala's coffee farmers indicated that they also cultivated a high-quality coffee in their own area using family labor and hiring day workers, thus selling the coffee to the cooperative (Fischer & Victor, 2014).
In 2018, there were around 410 coffee farmers in Kayumas Village who joined eight coffee farmer groups, including: (a) "Delima" coffee farmer group consisted of 20 farmers; (b) "Mulya Jaya" coffee farmer group consisted of 131 farmers; (c) "Sukmaelang Jaya" coffee farmer group consisted of 17 farmers; (d) "Delima 2" coffee farmer group consisted of 32 farmers; (e) "Sumber Kayu Putih 2" coffee farmer group consisted of 77 farmers; (f) "Sukma Jaya" coffee farmer group consisted of 47 farmers; (g) Sumber Kayu Putih 3" coffee farmer group consisted of 66 farmers; (h) "Sejahtera" coffee farmer group consisted of 20 members (interview with Edianto as the head of "Delima" coffee farmer group on May 20, 2022.). Details of the group information can be seen in Table 1. Meanwhile, coffee plantation area can be seen in Table 2. The coffee farmers in Kayumas Village produced their crops in the form of OSE and coffee powder. Each group had products with different brands. Delima group with its product "Talimas", Sukmaelang Jaya with "Maeja", Sumber Kayu Putih 3 with "Masbro", Sumber Kayu Putih 2 with "Segitiga Emas", Delima 2 with "Anugrah", and Mulya Jaya with "Mulya". Several products of coffee powder belonged to a group of coffee farmers in Kayumas Village can be seen in the following figures.

Conclusion
The Dutch colonial exploitation did not always have a negative impact on Dutch East Indies society. As an illustration, a coffee plantation founded by a Dutch investor turned out to have a positive impact on the people of Kayumas Village. Kayumas Village community is able to think critically by participating in planting coffee in their gardens and fields. The production results are sold to investors. The inspiration to participate in growing coffee during the Dutch colonial period continued to their descendants by continuing to plant Arabica coffee. In 2018, there was awareness from the coffee farmers to form coffee farmer groups. This was done to minimize unfair competition, as well as make it easier for the group to get assistance from the regional and central governments. In this context, the existence of eight coffee farmer groups consisting of 410 coffee farmers, has become evidence of the coffee farmers population in Kayumas Village whose geographical location is difficult to reach.