A Two-Step SO3H/ICG Catalyst Synthesis for Biodiesel Production: Optimization of Sulfonation Step via Microwave Irradiation

Nur Nazlina Saimon scopus  -  School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mala, Malaysia
Norzita Ngadi scopus  -  School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mala, Malaysia
Mazura Jusoh scopus  -  School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mala, Malaysia
*Zaki Yamani Zakaria orcid scopus  -  School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mala, Malaysia
Received: 1 Dec 2020; Revised: 23 Jan 2021; Accepted: 24 Jan 2021; Published: 31 Mar 2021; Available online: 29 Jan 2021.
Open Access Copyright (c) 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group
License URL: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

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Abstract

Conventional heating, a common method used for heterogeneous solid acid catalyst synthesis unknowingly consumes massive time and energy. In this study, acid catalyst was prepared through sulfonation process of incomplete carbonized glucose (ICG) via microwave-assisted technique to shorten the heating time and energy consumption. Optimization of the sulfonation process of ICG via microwave-assisted was carried out. Four-factor-three-level central composite design (CCD) was used to develop the design of experiments (DOE). Interaction between two factors was evaluated to determine the optimum process conditions. A quadratic model was proposed for prediction of biodiesel yield (Y) from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and its conversion (C). The application of DOE successfully optimized the operating conditions for the two-step SO3H/ICG catalyst synthesis to be used for the esterification process. The optimized conditions of the best performing SO3H/ICG with maximum Y and C were at 7.5 minutes of reaction time, 159.5 mL of H2SO4 used, 671 rpm of stirring rate as well as 413.64 watt of power level. At these optimum conditions the predicted yield percentage and conversion percentage were 94.01% and 91.89%, respectively, which experimentally verified the accuracy of the model. The utilization of sulfonated glucose solid acid catalyst via microwave-assisted in biodiesel production has great potential towards sustainable and green method of synthesizing catalyst for biodiesel. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

 

Keywords: Optimization; Palm Fatty Acid Distillate; Esterification; Sulfonated Glucose; Microwave-assisted.
Funding: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (vot no. 07H81 and 12J43)

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Section: Original Research Articles
Language: EN
In 2021: BCREC Volume 16 Issue 1 Year 2021 (SCOPUS and Web of Science Indexed, March 2021)
Statistics: 463 98
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