A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts

Nurul Asmawati Roslan; Mohammad Haniff Che Hasnan; Norhayati Abdullah; Syamsul Bahari Abdullah; Sumaiya Zainal Abidin

doi:10.9767/bcrec.11.2.549.182-190

DOI: https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.2.549.182-190

A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts

Nurul Asmawati Roslan¹ , Mohammad Haniff Che Hasnan¹, Norhayati Abdullah¹, Syamsul Bahari Abdullah¹, Sumaiya Zainal Abidin^{1, 2}

¹Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia

²Centre of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow (CARIFF), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia

Received: 21 Jan 2016; Revised: 29 Feb 2016; Accepted: 6 Mar 2016; Available online: 30 Jun 2016; Published: 20 Aug 2016.

Editor(s):

Citation Format:

Abstract

The exploration of non-edible oils as a feedstock has been positively affect the economic viability of biodiesel production. Due to the high level of free fatty acid (FFA) in non-edible oils, esterification is needed to remove the acidity to the minimum level before base-catalyzed transesterification. In this study, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (HMIMHSO₄) was self-synthesized and compared with the commercialized ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (BMIMHSO₄). HMIMHSO₄ and BMIMHSO₄ were characterized by ¹H NMR prior to use in the esterification reaction. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor and variables such as types of alcohol, oil: alcohol molar ratio, temperature and types of stirring were investigated. The highest conversion for each catalyst was achieved using ethanol as a solvent at the condition of 343 K reaction temperature, 12:1 alcohol to oil ratio in 8 h reaction time. BMIMHSO₄ showed higher conversion (98%) as compared to HMIMHSO₄ with only 82% conversion. Clearly, BMIMHSO₄ shows considerable potential to reduce the FFA in the feedstock as it is exhibit excellent catalytic activity due to lower alkyl chain of BMIMHSO₄ compared to HMIMHSO₄.

Fulltext View|Download

Keywords: Biodiesel; Free Fatty Acids; Acidified Oil; Esterification; Ionic Liquid

Article Metrics:

Article Info

Section: The International Conference on Fluids and Chemical Engineering (FluidsChE 2015)

Language : EN

In 2016: BCREC Volume 11 Issue 2 Year 2016 (August 2016)

Recent articles

Carbon Dioxide Dry Reforming of Glycerol for Hydrogen Production using Ni/ZrO2 and Ni/CaO as Catalysts Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil using Calcium Loaded on Deoiled Spent Bleaching Clay as A Solid Base Catalyst Effect of Calcination Temperature on Performance of Photocatalytic Reactor System for Seawater Pretreatment New Method for Nucleophilic Substitution on Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene by Allylamine Using an Algerian Proton Exchanged Montmorillonite Clay (Maghnite-H+) as a Green Solid Catalyst Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Fatty Acids for Biodiesel Production The Composite of ZrO2-TiO2 Produced from Local Zircon Sand Used as A Photocatalyst for The Degradation of Methylene Blue in A Single Batik Dye Wastewater Frontmatter Preface of BCREC Volume 11 Issue 2 Year 2016 Backmatter More recent articles

Li, Y., Hu, S., Cheng, J., Lou, W. (2014). Acidic Ionic Iquid-Catalyzed Esterification of Oleic Acid for Biodiesel Synthesis. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 35(3): 396-406
Sheehan, J., Camobreco, V., Duffield, J., Graboski, M., Shapouri, H. (2000). Overview of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Life Cycles. US: National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO, 30: 1399-1405
Vasudevan, P., Fu, B. (2010). Enviromentally Sustainable Biofuels: Advances in Biodiesel Research. Waste Biomass Valorization, 1(1): 47-63
Somnuk, K., Smithmaitrie, P., Prateepchaikul. (2013). Two-stage Continuous Process of Methyl ester from High Free Fatty Acid Mixed Crude Palm Oil using Static Mixer Coupled with High-intensity of Ultrasound. Energy Conversion and Management, 75: 302-310
Costa, J.F., Almeida, M.F., Alvim-Ferraz, M. C.M., Dias, J.M. (2013). Biodiesel Production using Oil from Fish Canning Industry Waste. Energy Conversion and Management, 74: 17-23
Somnuk, K., Smithmaitrie, P., Prateepchaikul. (2013). Optimization of Continuous Acid-Catalyzed Esterification for Free Fatty Acids Reduction in Mixed Crude Palm Oil using Mixer Coupled with High-Intensity Ultrasonic Irradiation. Energy Conversion and Management, 68: 193-199
Ong, H.C., Silitonga, A.S., Masjuki, H.H., Mahlia, T.M.I., Chong, W.T., Boosroh, M.H. (2013). Production and Comparative Fuel properties of Biodiesel from Non-Edible Oils: Jatropha Curcas, Sterculia Foetida and Ceiba Pentandra. Energy Conversion and Management, 73: 245-255
Zhang, L., Xian, M., He, Y., Li, L., Yang, J., Yu, S., et al. (2009). A Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid as an Efficient and Environmentally Benign Catalyst for Biodiesel Synthesis from Free fatty Acids and Alcohols. Bioresource Technology, 100(19): 4368-4373
López, D.E., Goodwin, Jr.J.G., Bruce, D.A., Furuta, S. (2008). Esterification and Transesterifcation using Modified-Zirconia Catalyst. Applied Catalyst A: General, 339(1): 76-83
Thiruvengadaravi, K.V., Nandagopal, J., Baskaralingam, P., Sathya, S.B.V., Sivanesan, S. (2012). Acid-catalyzed Esterification of Karanja (Pongamia Pinnata) Oil with High Free Fatty Acids for Biodiesel Production. Fuel, 98: 1-4
Noshadi, I., Amin, N.A.S., Pamas, R.S. (2012). Continuous Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil in a Reactive Distillation Column Catalyzed by Solid Heteropolyacid: Optimization using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Fuel, 94: 156-164
Gan, S., Ng, H.K., Chan, P.H., Leong, F.L. (2012). Heterogeneous Free Fatty Acids Esterification in Waste Cooking Oil using Ion-Exchange Resins. Fuel Process Technology, 102: 67-72
Vafaeezadeh, M., Hashemi, M.M. (2014). Efficient Fatty Acid Esterification Using Silica Supported Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid Catalyst: Experimental Study and Draft Modeling. Chemical Engineering Journal, 250: 35-41
Fang, D., Yang, J., Jiao, C. (2011). Dicationic Ionic Liquids as Environmentally Benign Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis. ACS Catalysis, 1(1): 42-47
Guo, F., Fang, Z., Tian, X-F., Long, Y-D., Jiang, L-Q. (2011). One-Step Production of Biodiesel from Jatropha Oil with High-Acid Value in Ionic Liquids. Bioresource Technology, 102(11): 6469-6472
Elsheikh, Y.A., Man, Z., Bustam, M.A., Yusup, S., Wilfred, C.D. (2011). Bronsted Imidazolium Ionic Liquids: Synthesis and Comparison of their Catalytic Activities as Pre-Catalyst for Biodiesel Production Through Two Stage Process. Energy Conversion and Management, 52(2): 804-809
Gerhard Knothe, J. V. G. and Krahl Jurgen. (2004). The biodiesel handbook. AOCS Press
Lotero, E., Liu, Y.J., Lopez, D.E., Suwannakaran, K., Bruce, D.A., Goodwin, J.G. (2005). Synthesis of biodiesel via acid catalysis. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 44(14): 5353-5363
Diego, T.D., Manjón, A., Lozano, P., Iborra, J.L. (2011). A Recyclable Enzymatic Biodiesel Production Process In Ionic Liquids. Bioresource Technology, 102(10): 6336-6339
Ha, S.H., Lan, M.N., Lee, S.H., Hwang, S.M., Koo, Y-M. (2007). Lipase-Catalyzed Biodiesel Production From Soybean Oil In Ionic Liquids. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 41(4): 480-483
De Azevedo, R.G., Esperanca, J.M.S.S., Szydlowski, J., Visak, Z.P., Pires, P.F., Guedes, H.J.R., Rebelo, L.P.N. (2005). Thermophysical and Thermodynamic Properties of Ionic Liquids Over an Extended Pressure Range: [bmim][NTf2] and [hmim][NTf2]. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 37(9): 888-899
Aghabarari, B., Dorostkar, N., Ghiaci, M., Amini, S.G., Rahimi, E., Martinez-Heurta, M.V. (2014). Esterification of Fatty Acids by New Ionic Liquids as Acid Catalysts. Journal of Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 45(2): 431-435
Ghiaci, M., Aghabarari, B., Habibollahi, S., Gil, A. (2011). Highly Efficient Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid-Based Catalysts for biodiesel Synthesis from Vegetable Oils. Bioresource Technology, 102(2): 1200-1204
D’Oca, M.G.M., Soares, R.M., de Moura, R.R., Granjão, V.F. (2012). Sulfamic acid: An Efficient Acid Catalyst for Esterification of FFA. Fuel, 97: 884-886
Barros, S.D.T., Coelho, A.V., Lachter, E.R., Gil, R.A.S.S., Dahmouche, K. (2013). Esterification of Lauric Acid with butanol over Mesoporous Materials. Renewable energy, 50: 585-589
Ullah, Z., Bustam, M.A., Man, Z. (2015). Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil by Acidic Ionic Liquid as a Catalyst. Renewable Energy, 77: 521-526

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Journal Author(s) Rights

In order for BCREC Group to publish and disseminate research articles, we need non-exclusive publishing rights (transfered from author(s) to publisher). This is determined by a publishing agreement between the Author(s) and BCREC Group. This agreement deals with the transfer or license of the copyright of publishing to BCREC Group, while Authors still retain significant rights to use and share their own published articles. BCREC Group supports the need for authors to share, disseminate and maximize the impact of their research and these rights, in any databases.

As a journal Author, you have rights for a large range of uses of your article, including use by your employing institute or company. These Author rights can be exercised without the need to obtain specific permission. Authors publishing in BCREC journals have wide rights to use their works for teaching and scholarly purposes without needing to seek permission, including:

use for classroom teaching by Author or Author's institution and presentation at a meeting or conference and distributing copies to attendees;
use for internal training by author's company;
distribution to colleagues for their reseearch use;
use in a subsequent compilation of the author's works;
inclusion in a thesis or dissertation;
reuse of portions or extracts from the article in other works (with full acknowledgement of final article);
preparation of derivative works (other than commercial purposes) (with full acknowledgement of final article);
voluntary posting on open web sites operated by author or author’s institution for scholarly purposes,

(but it should follow the open access license of Creative Common CC-by-SA License).

Authors/Readers/Third Parties can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, as well as remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially, but they must give appropriate credit (the name of the creator and attribution parties (authors detail information), a copyright notice, an open access license notice, a disclaimer notice, and a link to the material), provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made (Publisher indicates the modification of the material (if any) and retain an indication of previous modifications using a CrossMark Policy and information about Erratum-Corrigendum notification).

Authors/Readers/Third Parties can read, print and download, redistribute or republish the article (e.g. display in a repository), translate the article, download for text and data mining purposes, reuse portions or extracts from the article in other works, sell or re-use for commercial purposes, remix, transform, or build upon the material, they must distribute their contributions under the same license as the original Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA).

Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (Publishing Right)

The Authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that if accepted for publication, non-exclusive right for publishing (publishing right) of the article shall be assigned/transferred to Publisher of Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis journal and Department of Chemical Engineering Diponegoro University/Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS) (or BCREC Group).

Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to complete a 'Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (CTAP)'. An e-mail will be sent to the Corresponding Author confirming receipt of the manuscript together with a 'Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing' form by online version of this agreement.

Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis journal and Department of Chemical Engineering Diponegoro University/Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia-Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS), the Editors and the Advisory International Editorial Board make every effort to ensure that no wrong or misleading data, opinions or statements be published in the journal. In any way, the contents of the articles and advertisements published in the Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis are sole and exclusive responsibility of their respective authors and advertisers.

Remember, even though we ask for a transfer of copyright for publishing (CTAP), our journal Author(s) retain (or are granted back) significant scholarly rights as mentioned before.

The Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (CTAP) Form can be downloaded here: [Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (CTAP) Form BCREC 2020]

The copyright form should be signed electronically and send to the Editorial Office in the form of original e-mail below:

Prof. Dr. I. Istadi (Editor-in-Chief)
Editorial Office of Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis
Laboratory of Plasma-Catalysis (R3.5), UPT Laboratorium Terpadu, Universitas Diponegoro
Jl. Prof. Soedarto, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia 50275
Telp/Whatsapp: +62-81-316426342
E-mail: bcrec[at]live.undip.ac.id

(This policy statements has been updated at 24th December 2020)