A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts

Nurul Asmawati Roslan; Mohammad Haniff Che Hasnan; Norhayati Abdullah; Syamsul Bahari Abdullah; Sumaiya Zainal Abidin

doi:10.9767/bcrec.11.2.549.182-190

DOI: https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.2.549.182-190

A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts

Nurul Asmawati Roslan¹ , Mohammad Haniff Che Hasnan¹, Norhayati Abdullah¹, Syamsul Bahari Abdullah¹, Sumaiya Zainal Abidin^{1, 2}

¹Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia

²Centre of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow (CARIFF), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia

Received: 21 Jan 2016; Revised: 29 Feb 2016; Accepted: 6 Mar 2016; Published: 20 Aug 2016; Available online: 30 Jun 2016.

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Abstract

The exploration of non-edible oils as a feedstock has been positively affect the economic viability of biodiesel production. Due to the high level of free fatty acid (FFA) in non-edible oils, esterification is needed to remove the acidity to the minimum level before base-catalyzed transesterification. In this study, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (HMIMHSO₄) was self-synthesized and compared with the commercialized ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (BMIMHSO₄). HMIMHSO₄ and BMIMHSO₄ were characterized by ¹H NMR prior to use in the esterification reaction. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor and variables such as types of alcohol, oil: alcohol molar ratio, temperature and types of stirring were investigated. The highest conversion for each catalyst was achieved using ethanol as a solvent at the condition of 343 K reaction temperature, 12:1 alcohol to oil ratio in 8 h reaction time. BMIMHSO₄ showed higher conversion (98%) as compared to HMIMHSO₄ with only 82% conversion. Clearly, BMIMHSO₄ shows considerable potential to reduce the FFA in the feedstock as it is exhibit excellent catalytic activity due to lower alkyl chain of BMIMHSO₄ compared to HMIMHSO₄.

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Keywords: Biodiesel; Free Fatty Acids; Acidified Oil; Esterification; Ionic Liquid

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Article Info

Section: The International Conference on Fluids and Chemical Engineering (FluidsChE 2015)

Language : EN

In 2016: BCREC Volume 11 Issue 2 Year 2016 (August 2016)

Statistics: 1263 461

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