DOI: https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.12.1.501.55-61

Modification of Coal Char-loaded TiO2 by Sulfonation and Alkylsilylation to Enhance Catalytic Activity in Styrene Oxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide as Oxidant

Department of Chemical Education, Universitas Mulawarman, Kampus Gunung Kelua, Samarinda, 75119, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Received: 24 May 2016; Revised: 11 Oct 2016; Accepted: 18 Oct 2016; Available online: 13 Feb 2017; Published: 30 Apr 2017.
Editor(s): Y. H. Taufiq-Yap
Open Access Copyright (c) 2017 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

Citation Format:
501
Abstract

The modified coal char from low-rank coal by sulfonation, titanium impregnation and followed by alkyl silylation possesses high catalytic activity in styrene oxidation. The surface of coal char was undergone several steps as such: modification using concentrated sulfuric acid in the sulfonation process, impregnation of 500 mmol titanium(IV) isopropoxide and followed by alkyl silylation of n-octadecyltriclorosilane (OTS). The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), IR spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption, and hydrophobicity. The catalytic activity of the catalysts has been examined in the liquid phase styrene oxidation by using aqueous hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The catalytic study showed the alkyl silylation could enhance the catalytic activity of Ti-SO3H/CC-600(2.0). High catalytic activity and reusability of the o-Ti-SO3H/CC-600(2.0) were related to the modification of local environment of titanium active sites and the enhancement the hydrophobicity of catalyst particle by alkyl silylation. 

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: styrene; oxidation; coal char; sulfonation; alkylsilylation
Funding: Government of East Kalimantan

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Original Research Articles
Language : EN
Recent articles
Analyzing Loose Contact Oxidation of Diesel Engine Soot and Ag/CeO2 Catalyst Using Nonlinear Regression Analysis [RETRACTED] Simultaneous Elimination of Soot and NOX through Silver-Barium Based Catalytic Materials Modification, Characterization, and Catalytic Application of Mesolite for One Pot Synthesis of 3-Methyl-4-arylmethylene-isoxazol-5(4H)-ones Author Guidelines (2017) Back-matter Front-matter More recent articles
  1. Hasan, M.H., Mahlia, T.M.I., Nur, H. (2012). A Review on Energy Scenario and Sustainable Energy in Indonesia. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 16(4): 2316-2328
  2. Min, Z., Asadullah, M., Yimsiri, P., Zhang, S., Wu, H., Li, C.Z. (2011). Catalytic Reforming of Tar during Gasification. Part I. Steam Reforming of Biomass Tar using Ilmenite as a Catalyst. Fuel. 90(5): 1847-1854
  3. Suganuma, S., Nakajima, K., Kitano, M., Yamaguchi, D., Kato, H. (2010). Synthesis and Acid Catalysis of Cellulose-derived Carbon-based Solid Acid. Solid State Sci. 12(12): 1029-1034
  4. Takagaki, A., Toda, M., Okamura, M., Kondo, J.N., Hayashi, S., Domen, K., Hara, M. (2006). Esterification of Higher Fatty Acids by a Novel Strong Solid Acid. Catal. Today. 116(2): 157-161
  5. Badiei, A., Bonneviot, L., Crowther, N., Mohammadi Ziarani, G. (2006). Surface Tailoring Control in Micelle Templated Silica. J. Organomet. Chem. 691(26): 5911-5919
  6. Imizu, Y., Narita, T., Fujito, Y., Yamada, H. (2000). Zinc Oxide Modified by Alkylsilylation as an Efficient Catalyst for Isomerization of Hydrocarbon. In F.V.M.S.M. Avelino Corma and G.F. José Luis (Eds.), Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 130: 2429-2434
  7. Nurhadi, M., Efendi, J., Ling, L.S., Mahlia, T.M.I., Siong, H.C., Yuan, L.S., Nur., H. (2014). Titanium Dioxide-Supported Sulfonated Low Rank Coal as Catalysts in the Oxidation of Styrene with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide. J. Teknologi. 69(5): 71-79
  8. Nurhadi, M., Efendi, J., Lee, S.L., Mahlia, T. M.I., Chandren, S., Ho, C.S., Nur, H. (2015). Utilization of Low Rank Coal as Oxidation Catalyst by Controllable Removal of its Carbonaceous Component. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 46(0): 183-190
  9. Zhan, W., Guo, Y., Wang, Y., Guo, Y., Liu, X., Wang, Y., Lu, G. (2009). Study of Higher Selectivity to Styrene Oxide in the Epoxidation of Styrene with Hydrogen Peroxide over La-Doped MCM-48 Catalyst. J. Phys. Chem. C, 113(17): 7181-7185
  10. Liu, Y., Chen, J., Yao, J., Lu, Y., Zhang, L., Liu, X. (2009). Preparation and Properties of Sulfonated Carbon–silica Composites from Sucrose Dispersed on MCM-48. Chem. Eng. J. 148(1): 201-206
  11. Hasegawa, G., Kanamori, K., Nakanishi, K., Hanada, T. (2010). Fabrication of Activated Carbons with Well-defined Macropores Derived from Sulfonated Poly(divinylbenzene) Networks. Carbon. 48(6): 1757-1766
  13. Peng, L., Philippaerts, A., Ke, X., Van Noyen, J., De Clippel, F., Van Tendeloo, G., Sels, B. F. (2010). Preparation of Sulfonated Ordered Mesoporous Carbon and its Use for the Esterification of Fatty Acids. Catal. Today. 150(1-2): 140-146
  14. Poh, N.E., Nur, H., Muhid, M.N.M., Hamdan, H. (2006). Sulphated AlMCM-41: Mesoporous solid Brønsted Acid Catalyst for Dibenzoylation of Biphenyl. Catal. Today. 114(2-3): 257-262
  15. Selvaraj, M., Pandurangan, A., Seshadri, K.S., Sinha, P.K., Krishnasamy, V., Lal, K.B. (2003). Synthesis of Ethyl β-naphthyl Ether (neroline) using SO42−/Al-MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieves. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 192(1-2): 153-170
  16. Nur, H., Manan, A.F.N.A., Wei, L. K., Muhid, M.N.M., Hamdan, H. (2005). Simultaneous Adsorption of a Mixture of Paraquat and Dye by NaY Zeolite Covered with Alkylsilane. J. Hazard. Mater. B. 117: 35-40
  17. Chao, H.P., Peng, C.L., Lee, C.K., Han, Y.L. (2012). A Study on Sorption of Organic Compounds with Different Water Solubilities on Octadecyltrichlorosilane-modified NaY Zeolite. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 43(2):195-200

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update:

No citation recorded.