Application of Tin(II) Chloride Catalyst for High FFA Jatropha Oil Esterification in Continuous Reactive Distillation Column

*Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas -  Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Semarang State University, Kampus Unnes Sekaran, Semarang 50229,, Indonesia
Imam Novrizal Aji -  Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Semarang State University, Kampus Unnes Sekaran, Semarang 50229,, Indonesia
Hadiyanto Hadiyanto -  Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. H. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
Arief Budiman -  3Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Jl Grafika 2 Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Received: 27 Feb 2016; Published: 10 Mar 2016.
Open Access Copyright (c) 2016 Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

The application of heterogeneous solid acid catalysts in biodiesel production has become popular and gained significant attention over the last few years. It is since these types of catalysts hold the benefits in terms of easy separation from the product, reusability of the catalyst, high selectivity of the reaction. They are also considered sustainable and powerful particularly in organic synthesis. This work studied the use of tin(II) chloride as solid Lewis acid catalyst to promote the esterification reaction of high Free Fatty Acid (FFA) jatropha oil in continuous reactive distillation column. To obtain the optimum condition, the influences of reaction time, molar ratio of the reactant, and catalyst were investigated. It was revealed that the optimum condition was achieved at the molar ratio of methanol to FFA at 1:60, catalyst concentration of 5%, and reaction temperature of 60°C with the reaction conversion of 90%. This result was significantly superior to the identical reaction performed using batch reactor. The esterification of high FFA jatropha oil using reactive distillation in the presence of tin(II) chloride provided higher conversion than that of Amberlyst-15 heterogeneous catalyst and was comparable to that of homogenous sulfuric acid catalyst, which showed 30 and 94.71% conversion, respectively. The esterification reaction of high FFA jatropha oil was subsequently followed by transesterification reaction for the completion of the biodiesel production. Transesterification was carried out at 60 °C, molar ratio of methanol to oil of 1:6, NaOH catalyst of 1%, and reaction time of one hour. The jatropha biodiesel product resulted from this two steps process could satisfy the ASTM and Indonesian biodiesel standard in terms of ester content (97.79 %), density, and viscosity. Copyright © 2016 BCREC GROUP. All rights reserved

Received: 10th November 2015; Revised: 4th February 2016; Accepted: 4th February 2016

How to Cite: Kusumaningtyas, R.D., Aji, I.N., Hadiyanto, H., Budiman, A. (2016). Application of Tin(II) Chloride Catalyst for High FFA Jatropha Oil Esterification in Continuous Reactive Distillation Column. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 11 (1): 66-74. (doi:10.9767/bcrec.11.1.417.66-74)

Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.1.417.66-74

Article Metrics: (click on the button below to see citations in Scopus)

cited by count 

Other format:

Keywords
Tin(II) Chloride; esterification; jatropha oil; biodiesel; reactive distillation
Cover Image

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: The 2nd International Conference on Chemical and Material Engineering 2015
Full Text:
In 2016: BCREC Volume 11 Issue 1 Year 2016 (SCOPUS and Web of Science Indexed, April 2016)
Statistics: 984 218
  1. Alhassan, F.H., Yunus, R., Rashid, U., Sirat, K., Islam, A., Lee, H.V., Taufiq-Yap, Y.H. (2013). Production of Biodiesel from Mixed Vegetable Oils Using Ferric Hydrogen Sulphate as An Effective Reusable Heterogeneous Solid Acid Catalyst. Appl. Catal. A: General, 456: 182-187.
  2. Neumann, K., Werth, K., Martín, A., Górak, A. (2015). Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oils through Esterification: Catalyst Screening, Chemical Equilibrium and Reaction Kinetics. Chem. Eng. Res. Dev., xxx: xxx-xxx. (in press)
  3. Kostić, M.D., Veličković, A.V., Joković, N.M., Stamenković, O.S., Veljković, V.B. (2016). Optimization and Kinetic Modeling of Esterification of the Oil Obtained from Waste Plum Stones as A Pretreatment Step in Biodiesel Production. Waste Management, 48: 619-629.
  4. Banchero, M., Kusumaningtyas, R.D., Gozzelino. G. (2014). Reactive Distillation in the Intensification of Oleic Acid Esterification with Methanol – A Simulation Case-Study. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 20(6): 4242-4249.
  5. Da Silva, M.J. Cardoso, A.L., Natalino, R. (2010). Bioenergy II: Tin Catalysed Esterification of Free Fatty Acids. International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 8.
  6. Sharma, Y.C., Singh, B., (2011). Advancements in Solid Acid Catalysts for Ecofriendly and Economically Viable Synthesis of Biodiesel. Biofuels, Bioprod. Bioref.: 5: 69-92.
  7. Casas, A., Ramos, M.J., Rodríguez, J.F., Pérez, A. (2013). Tin Compounds as Lewis Acid Catalysts for Esterification and Transesterification of Acid Vegetable Oils. Fuel Processing Technology, 106: 321-325.
  8. Kozhevnikov, I.V. (1998). Catalysis by Heteropoly Acids and Multicomponent Polyoxometalates in Liquid-Phase Reactions. Chem. Rev. 98: 98-171.
  9. Khire, H., Bhagwat, P.V., Fernandes, M., Gangundi, P.B., Vadalia, H. (2012). Esterification of Lower Aliphatic Alcohols with Acetic Acid in Presence of Different Acid Catalysts. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 19, 342-350.
  10. Kusumaningtyas, R.D., Handayani, P.A., Rochmadi, Purwono, S., Budiman, A. (2014). Tin(II) Chloride Catalyzed Esterification of High FFA Jatropha Oil: Experimental and Kinetics Study. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 3(2): 75-81.
  11. Banchero, M., Gozzelino, G. (2015). Nb2O5-Catalyzed Kinetics of Fatty Acids Esterification for Reactive Distillation Process Simulation. Chem. Eng. Res. Dev., 100: 292-301.
  12. Kusumaningtyas, R.D., Purwono, S., Rochmadi, Budiman, A. 2014. Graphical Exergy Analysis of Reactive Distillation Column for Biodiesel Production. Int. J. Exergy, 15(4): 447-467.
  13. Sanchez-Arreola, E., Martin-Torres, G., Lozada-Ramírez, J.D., Hernandez, L.R., Bandala-Gonzales, E.R., Bach, H. (2015). Biodiesel Production and De-Oiled Seed Cake Nutritional Values of A Mexican Edible Jatropha Curcas. Renewable Energy, 76: 143-147.
  14. Praptijanto, A., Agustian, E., Putrasari, Y., Sebayang, D., Rus, A.Z.M., Hasan, S., and Untoro, P. (2015). Sonochemistry Approach to Reducing Biodiesel Reaction Time from Jatropha Curcas Oil by Clamp on Tubular Reactor, Energy Procedia, 68: 480-489.
  15. Cardoso, A.L., Neves, S.C.G., da Silva, M.J. (2009). Kinetic Study of Alcoholysis of the Fatty Acids Catalyzed by Tin Chloride (II): An Alternative Catalyst for Biodiesel Production. Energy and Fuels, 23(3): 1718-1722.
  16. Boon-anuwat, N., Kiatkittipong, W., Aiouache, F., Assabumrungra, S. (2015). Process Design of Continuous Biodiesel Production by Reactive Distillation: Comparison Between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 92: 33-44
  17. Srilatha, K., Lingaiah, N., Devi, B.L.A.P., Prasad, R.B.N., Venkateswar, S., Prasad, P.S.S. (2009). Esterification of Free Fatty Acids for Biodiesel Production over Heteropoly Tungstate Supported on Niobia Catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 365(1): 28-33.
  18. Yadav, G.D., Yadav, A.R. (2012). Insight into Esterification of Eugenol to Eugenol Benzoate Using A Solid Super Acidic Modified Zirconia Catalyst UDCaT-5. Chemical Engineering Journal, 192: 146-155.
  19. Ferreira, A.B., Cardoso, A.L., da Silva, M.C. (2012). Tin-Catalyzed Esterification and Transesterification Reactions: A Review. ISRN Renewable Energy, 142857: 1-13.
  20. Freedman, B., Pryde, E.H., Mounts, T.L. (1984). Variables Affecting the Yields of Fatty Esters from Transesterified Vegetable Oils. JAOCS, 61(10): 1638-1643.
  21. Dimian, A.C., Bildea, C.S., Omota, F., Kiss. A.A. (2009). Innovative Process for Fatty Acid Esters by Dual Reactive Distillation. Comput. Chem. Eng., 33(3): 743-750.
  22. Gómez-Castro, F.I., Rico-Ramírez, V., Segovia-Hernández, J.G., Hernández-Castro. S. (2011). Esterification of Fatty Acids in A Thermally Coupled Reactive Distillation Column by the Two Step Supercritical Methanol Method. Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 89: 480-490.
  23. Taylor, R., Krishna, R. (2000). Modelling Reactive Distillation. Chem. Eng. Sci., 55: 5183-5229.
  24. Kusmiyati, K, Sugiharto, A. (2010). Production of Biodiesel from Oleic Acid and Methanol by Reactive Distillation. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 5(1): 1-6

Copyright (c) 2016 Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

As a journal Author, you have rights for a large range of uses of your article, including use by your employing institute or company. These Author rights can be exercised without the need to obtain specific permission. 

Authors publishing in BCREC journals have wide rights to use their works for teaching and scholarly purposes without needing to seek permission, including: use for classroom teaching by Author or Author's institutionand presentation at a meeting or conference and distributing copies to attendees; use for internal training by author's company; distribution to colleagues for their reseearch use; use in a subsequent compilation of the author's works; inclusion in a thesis or dissertation; reuse of portions or extrcats from the article in other works (with full acknowledgement of final article); preparation of derivative works (other than commercial purposes) (with full acknowledgement of final article); voluntary posting on open web sites operated by author or author’s institution for scholarly purposes (follow CC by SA License).

Authors and readers can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, as well as remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially, but they must give appropriate credit (cite to the article or content), provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.

Copyright Transfer Agreement

The Authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that if accepted for publication, copyright publishing of the article shall be assigned to Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis journal and Department of Chemical Engineering Diponegoro University as publisher of the journal.

Copyright encompasses exclusive rights to reproduce and deliver the article in all form and media, including reprints, photographs, microfilms and any other similar reproductions, as well as translations. The reproduction of any part of this journal, its storage in databases and its transmission by any form or media, such as electronic, electrostatic and mechanical copies, photocopies, recordings, magnetic media, etc., will be allowed only with a written permission from Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis journal and Department of Chemical Engineering Diponegoro University.

Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis journal and Department of Chemical Engineering Diponegoro University, the Editors and the Advisory International Editorial Board make every effort to ensure that no wrong or misleading data, opinions or statements be published in the journal. In any way, the contents of the articles and advertisements published in the Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis are sole and exclusive responsibility of their respective authors and advertisers.

Remember, even though we ask for a transfer of copyright, our journal authors retain (or are granted back) significant scholarly rights.

The Copyright Transfer Form can be downloaded here: [Copyright Transfer Form BCREC 2016] 


The copyright form should be signed originally and send to the Editorial Office in the form of original mail, scanned document or fax :  

Prof. Dr. I. Istadi (Editor-in-Chief)
Editorial Office of Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering and Catalysis
Department of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University
Jl. Prof. Soedarto, Kampus Undip Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia 50275
Telp.: +62-24-7460058, Fax.: +62-24-76480675
E-mail: bcrec[at]live.undip.ac.id