Reusable Catalyst of KF/Mg-Al Layered Double for Biodiesel Conversion and Optimization using Bohn-Behnken Design

Totok Eka Suharto; Fethi Kooli; Sheikh Ahmad Izaddin Sheikh Mohd Ghazali; Is Fatimah

doi:10.9767/bcrec.17.3.14485.497-507

DOI: https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.17.3.14485.497-507

Reusable Catalyst of KF/Mg-Al Layered Double for Biodiesel Conversion and Optimization using Bohn-Behnken Design

Totok Eka Suharto¹

, Fethi Kooli²

, Sheikh Ahmad Izaddin Sheikh Mohd Ghazali³

, Is Fatimah⁴

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Kampus 4, Jl. Ringroad Selatan, Kragilan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

²Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah 42351, Saudi Arabia

³Universiti Teknologi MARA Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

⁴ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Kampus Terpadu UII, Jl. Kaliurang Km 14, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

View all affiliations

Received: 6 Jun 2022; Revised: 22 Jun 2022; Accepted: 22 Jun 2022; Available online: 4 Jul 2022; Published: 30 Sep 2022.

Editor(s): Istadi Istadi

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

BibTex Citation Data :

@article{BCREC14485,
    author = {Totok Eka Suharto and Fethi Kooli and Sheikh Ahmad Izaddin Sheikh Mohd Ghazali and Is Fatimah},
    title = {Reusable Catalyst of KF/Mg-Al Layered Double for Biodiesel Conversion and Optimization using Bohn-Behnken Design},
    journal = {Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis},
  volume = {17},
    number = {3},
    year = {2022},
    keywords = {Biodiesel; Microwave-assisted reaction; Layered Double Hydroxides; Basic catalyst},
    abstract = { This work aimed to synthesize a reusable catalyst of KF/Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (KF/LDH) for a microwave-assisted biodiesel conversion from rice bran oil (RBO). The LDH was synthesized by co-precipitation method of Mg and Al precursors with additional surfactant of cetyl trimethyl ammonium followed by hydrothermal method, for furthermore, an impregnation procedure was applied to combine KF with LDH by using impregnation method. Instrumental analysis of materials was performed by XRD, gas sorption analysis, SEM-EDX, TEM and XPS method. Effect of KF loading onto LDH on the specific surface area and solid basicity was also studied. From the characterization by XRD, it can be concluded that the impregnation increased specific surface area of LDH without any structural destruction, which was also confirmed by the lattice fringe comparison by HRTEM analysis and surface analysis by XPS. The specific surface area enhancement is in line with the increasing solid basicity which directly enhanced the catalytic conversion of RBO into biodiesel. Statistical optimization of the use of KF/LDH was conducted by response surface methodology of Box-Behnken Design for the range of 2–4 g/100 mL of catalyst dose, 3–8 of the methanol to oil ratio, and 10–30 min of reaction time. It was revealed that all factors are significantly affect the yield. The KF/LDH catalyst is also reusable as it does not loss the activity until 5 th  cycles. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 ).    },
   issn = {1978-2993},   pages = {497--507}  doi = {10.9767/bcrec.17.3.14485.497-507},
    url = {https://ejournal2.undip.ac.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/14485}
}

Citation Format:

Abstract

This work aimed to synthesize a reusable catalyst of KF/Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (KF/LDH) for a microwave-assisted biodiesel conversion from rice bran oil (RBO). The LDH was synthesized by co-precipitation method of Mg and Al precursors with additional surfactant of cetyl trimethyl ammonium followed by hydrothermal method, for furthermore, an impregnation procedure was applied to combine KF with LDH by using impregnation method. Instrumental analysis of materials was performed by XRD, gas sorption analysis, SEM-EDX, TEM and XPS method. Effect of KF loading onto LDH on the specific surface area and solid basicity was also studied. From the characterization by XRD, it can be concluded that the impregnation increased specific surface area of LDH without any structural destruction, which was also confirmed by the lattice fringe comparison by HRTEM analysis and surface analysis by XPS. The specific surface area enhancement is in line with the increasing solid basicity which directly enhanced the catalytic conversion of RBO into biodiesel. Statistical optimization of the use of KF/LDH was conducted by response surface methodology of Box-Behnken Design for the range of 2–4 g/100 mL of catalyst dose, 3–8 of the methanol to oil ratio, and 10–30 min of reaction time. It was revealed that all factors are significantly affect the yield. The KF/LDH catalyst is also reusable as it does not loss the activity until 5^th cycles. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Fulltext View|Download

Keywords: Biodiesel; Microwave-assisted reaction; Layered Double Hydroxides; Basic catalyst

Funding: Universitas Islam Indonesia; Universitas Ahmad Dahlan; UiTM Cawangan Negeri Sembilan

Article Metrics:

Article Info

Section: Original Research Articles

Language : EN

In 2022: BCREC Volume 17 Issue 3 Year 2022 (September 2022)

Recent articles

Insights into the Titania (TiO2) Photocatalysis on the Removal of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Water Catalytic Dye Oxidation over CeO2 Nanoparticles Supported on Regenerated Cellulose Membrane Thermodynamic Study of One-step Production from Isobutene to Methyl Methacrylate The Combined Effect of Bubble and Photo Catalysis Technology in BTEX Removal from Produced Water Frontmatter (Front Cover, Editorial Team, Indexing, and Table of Contents) Backmatter (Publication Ethics, Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing Form) More recent articles

Tabatabaei, M., Karimi, K., Horváth, I.S., Kumar, R. (2015). Recent trends in biodiesel production. Biofuel Research Journal, 2(3), 258–267. DOI: 10.18331/BRJ2015.2.3.4
Farobie, O., Hartulistiyoso, E. (2022). Palm Oil Biodiesel as a Renewable Energy Resource in Indonesia: Current Status and Challenges. Bioenergy Research., 15, 93–111. DOI: 10.1007/s12155-021-10344-7
Faruque, M.O., Razzak, S.A., Hossain, M.M. (2020). Application of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from microalgal oil - a review, Catalysts, 10(9), 1025. DOI: 10.3390/catal10091025
Kolakoti, A., Setiyo, M., Latifur, M. (2022). A Green Heterogeneous Catalyst Production and Characterization for Biodiesel Production using RSM and ANN Approach, International Journal of Renewable Energy Development. 11(3), 703–712. DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2022.43627
Mukhtar, A., Saqib, S., Lin, H., UlHassan, M., Ullah, S., Younas, M., Rezakazemi, M., Ibrahim, M., Mahmood, A., Asifh, S., Bokhari, A. (2022). Current status and challenges in the heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review, 157, 112012. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.112012
Vilas-Bôas, R.N., da Silva, L.L.C., Fernandes, L.D., Augusto, B.L., Mendes, M.F. (2020). Study of the Use of Hydrotalcite–Hydroxyapatite as Heterogeneous Catalysts for Application in Biodiesel Using By-Product as Raw Material. Catalysis Letters, 150, 3642–3652. DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03274-0
Dahdah, E., Estephane, J., Taleb, Y., El Khoury, B., Nakati, J. (2021). The role of rehydration in enhancing the basic properties of Mg–Al hydrotalcites for biodiesel production, Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 22, 100487. DOI: 10.1016/j.scp.2021.100487
Chen, J., Jia, L., Guo, X., Xiang, L., Lou, S. (2014). Production of novel biodiesel from transesterification over KF-modified Ca–Al hydrotalcite catalyst. RSC Advance, 4(104), 60025–60033. DOI: 10.1039/C4RA09214G
Fatimah, I., Rubiyanto, D., Nugraha, J. (2018). Preparation, characterization, and modelling activity of potassium flouride modified hydrotalcite for microwave assisted biodiesel conversion. Sustainable Chemistry Pharmacy, 8, 63–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.scp.2018.02.004
Khan, H.M., Iqbal, T., Mujtaba, M.A., SOudagar, M.E.M., Veza, I., Fattah, I.M. (2021). Microwave Assisted Biodiesel production Using Heterogeneous Catalysts. Energies, 14, 8135. DOI: 10.3390/en14238135
Sakr, A.A.E., Zaki, T., Elgabry, O., Ebiad, M.A., El-Sabagh, S.M., Emara, M.M. (2018). Mg-Zn-Al LDH: Influence of intercalated anions on CO2 removal from natural gas. Applied Clay Science, 160, 263–269. DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2018.02.043
Liao, L., Zhao, N., Xia, Z. (2012). Hydrothermal synthesis of Mg–Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) from natural brucite and Al(OH)3. Materials Research Bulletin, 47(11), 3897–3901. DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2012.07.007
Wiyantoko, B., Kurniawati, P., Purbaningtias, T.E., Jauhari, M.H., Yahya, A., Tamyiz, M., Fatimah, I., Doong, R. (2022). Assessing the effect of calcination on adsorption capability of Mg/Al layer double hydroxides (LDHs). Material Research Express, 9(3), 035505. DOI: 10.1088/2053-1591/ac5ef7
Sandesh, S., Shanbhag, G.V., Halgeri, A.B. (2013). Transesterification of Glycerol to Glycerol Carbonate Using KF/Al2O3 Catalyst: The Role of Support and Basicity. Catalysis Letters, 143(11), 1226–1234. DOI: 10.1007/s10562-013-1043-1
Islam, M.R., Guo, Z., Rutman, D., Benson, T.J. (2013). Immobilization of triazabicyclodecene in surfactant modified Mg/Al layered double hydroxides. RSC Advances, 3(46), 24247–24255. DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43051k
Chakraborty, S., Kumar, M., Suresh, K., Pugazhenthi, G. (2014). Influence of organically modified NiAl layered double hydroxide (LDH) loading on the rheological properties of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/LDH blend solution. Powder Technology, 256, 196–203. DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.02.035
Yanming, S., Dongbin, L., Shifeng, L., Lihui, F., Shuai, C., Haque, M.A. (2017). Removal of lead from aqueous solution on glutamate intercalated layered double hydroxide. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S2295–S2301. DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.08.005
Oh, J.H., Kang, Y.S., Kang, S.W. (2013). Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)/KF electrolyte membranes for facilitated CO2 transport. Chemistry Communications, 49(86), 10181–10183. DOI: 10.1039/c3cc46253f
Kloprogge, J.T., Ponce, C.P., Ortillo, D.O. (2021). X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Some Organic and Inorganic Modified Clay Minerals. Materials, 14, 7115. DOI: 10.3390/ma14237115
Benhiti, R., Ichou, A.A., Zaghloul, A., Aziam, R., Carja, G., Zerbet, M., Sinan, F. (2020). Synthesis, characterization, and comparative study of MgAl-LDHs prepared by standard coprecipitation and urea hydrolysis methods for phosphate removal. Enviromental Science and Pollution Research, 27(36), 45767–45774. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10444-5
Chen, C., Wangriya, A., Buffet, J.C., O’Hare, D. (2015). Tuneable ultra high specific surface area Mg/Al-CO3 layered double hydroxides. Dalton Transactions, 44(37), 16392–16398. DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02641e
Rahman, A., Pullabhotla, R.V.S. (2022). Layered Double Hydroxide Catalysts Preparation, Characterization and Applications for Process Development: An Environmentally Green Approach. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 17(1), 163–193. DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.17.1.12195.163-193
Palapa, N.R., Saria, Y., Taher, T., Mohadi, R., Lesbani, A. (2019). Synthesis and Characterization of Zn/Al, Zn/Fe, and Zn/Cr Layered Double Hydroxides : Effect of M3+ Ions Toward Layer Formation. Science & Technology Indonesia, 4(2), 4–7. DOI: 10.26554/sti.2019.4.2.36-39
Mas’ud, F., Mahendradatta, M., Laga, A., Zainal, Z. (2017). Component, Fatty Acid And Mineral Composition of Rice Bran Oil Extracted By Multistage With Hexane and Ethanol. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 6(11), 63–69
Hamzah, N., Fazira, N. Erma, E., Hafiza, E., Tajuddin, N.A. (2020). MgAl Mixed Oxide Derived Alkali-free Hydrotalcite for Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel. ASM Science Journal, 13, 1-7. DOI: 0.32802/asmscj.2020.416
Gao, L., Teng, G., Lv, J., Xiao, G. (2010). Biodiesel Synthesis Catalyzed by the KF/Ca−Mg−Al Hydrotalcite Base Catalyst. Energy & Fuels, 24(1), 646–651. DOI: 10.1021/ef900800d
Zhang, C.-Y., SHao, W.-L., Zhao, W.-X., Han, Y.-Y., Zheng, Y., Liu, Y.-J. (2019). Biodiesel Production by Esterification Reaction on K+ Modified MgAl-Hydrotalcite Catalysts, Catalysts, 9, 742. DOI: 10.3390/catal9090742
Silitonga, A.S., Shamsuddin, A.H. Mahlia, T.M.I., Milanod, J., Kusumo, J., Siswantoro, J., Dharma, S., Sebayang, A.A., Masjuki, H.H., Ong, H.S. (2020). Biodiesel synthesis from Ceiba pentandra oil by microwave irradiation- assisted transesteri fi cation : ELM modeling and optimization. Renewable Energy, 146, 1278–1291. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.07.065
Gholipour, N., Arash, Z., Pirzaman, K., Khalajzadeh, M. (2020). Synthesis of modified layered double hydroxide of MgAl catalyst with Ba and Li for the biodiesel production. Clean Technology and Environmental Policy, 22, 1173–1185. DOI: 10.1007/s10098-020-01860-9

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update:

No citation recorded.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Journal Author(s) Rights

In order for BCREC Group to publish and disseminate research articles, we need non-exclusive publishing rights (transfered from author(s) to publisher). This is determined by a publishing agreement between the Author(s) and BCREC Group. This agreement deals with the transfer or license of the copyright of publishing to BCREC Group, while Authors still retain significant rights to use and share their own published articles. BCREC Group supports the need for authors to share, disseminate and maximize the impact of their research and these rights, in any databases.

As a journal Author, you have rights for a large range of uses of your article, including use by your employing institute or company. These Author rights can be exercised without the need to obtain specific permission. Authors publishing in BCREC journals have wide rights to use their works for teaching and scholarly purposes without needing to seek permission, including:

use for classroom teaching by Author or Author's institution and presentation at a meeting or conference and distributing copies to attendees;
use for internal training by author's company;
distribution to colleagues for their reseearch use;
use in a subsequent compilation of the author's works;
inclusion in a thesis or dissertation;
reuse of portions or extracts from the article in other works (with full acknowledgement of final article);
preparation of derivative works (other than commercial purposes) (with full acknowledgement of final article);
voluntary posting on open web sites operated by author or author’s institution for scholarly purposes,

(but it should follow the open access license of Creative Common CC-by-SA License).

Authors/Readers/Third Parties can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, as well as remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially, but they must give appropriate credit (the name of the creator and attribution parties (authors detail information), a copyright notice, an open access license notice, a disclaimer notice, and a link to the material), provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made (Publisher indicates the modification of the material (if any) and retain an indication of previous modifications using a CrossMark Policy and information about Erratum-Corrigendum notification).

Authors/Readers/Third Parties can read, print and download, redistribute or republish the article (e.g. display in a repository), translate the article, download for text and data mining purposes, reuse portions or extracts from the article in other works, sell or re-use for commercial purposes, remix, transform, or build upon the material, they must distribute their contributions under the same license as the original Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA).

Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (Publishing Right)

The Authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that if accepted for publication, non-exclusive right for publishing (publishing right) of the article shall be assigned/transferred to Publisher of Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis journal and Department of Chemical Engineering Diponegoro University/Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS) (or BCREC Group).

Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to complete a 'Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (CTAP)'. An e-mail will be sent to the Corresponding Author confirming receipt of the manuscript together with a 'Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing' form by online version of this agreement.

Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis journal and Department of Chemical Engineering Diponegoro University/Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia-Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS), the Editors and the Advisory International Editorial Board make every effort to ensure that no wrong or misleading data, opinions or statements be published in the journal. In any way, the contents of the articles and advertisements published in the Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis are sole and exclusive responsibility of their respective authors and advertisers.

Remember, even though we ask for a transfer of copyright for publishing (CTAP), our journal Author(s) retain (or are granted back) significant scholarly rights as mentioned before.

The Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (CTAP) Form can be downloaded here: [Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing (CTAP) Form BCREC 2020]

The copyright form should be signed electronically and send to the Editorial Office in the form of original e-mail below:

Prof. Dr. I. Istadi (Editor-in-Chief)
Editorial Office of Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis
Laboratory of Plasma-Catalysis (R3.5), UPT Laboratorium Terpadu, Universitas Diponegoro
Jl. Prof. Soedarto, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia 50275
Telp/Whatsapp: +62-81-316426342
E-mail: bcrec[at]live.undip.ac.id

(This policy statements has been updated at 24th December 2020)