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Experimental and Kinetic Modeling of Galactose Valorization to Levulinic Acid

1Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta, Jalan SWK 104 (Lingkar Utara), Condongcatur, Yogyakarta , Indonesia

2Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Grafika 2, Kampus UGM, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

3Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Grafika 2, Kampus UGM, Yogyakarta , Indonesia

4 Center of Excellence for Microalgae Biorefinery, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Sekip K1A, Kampus UGM, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Received: 8 Apr 2022; Revised: 23 May 2022; Accepted: 24 May 2022; Available online: 26 May 2022; Published: 30 Jun 2022.
Editor(s): Bunjerd Jongsomjit
Open Access Copyright (c) 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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Abstract

Levulinic acid, a versatile chemical building block, was derived from C6-sugar galactose using sulfuric acid as the catalyst. Galactose is monosaccharide of polysaccharides constituent that is mostly contained in third generation biomass, macro-microalgae. It currently receives high attention to be a source of renewable feedstock. The effect of temperature, catalyst concentration and initial substrate loadings were studied for 60 min, in the temperature range of 150–190 °C, acid concentration of 0.25–0.75 M and initial substrate loading of 0.05–0.25 M. The highest levulinic acid yield of 40.08 wt% was achieved under the following conditions: 0.05 M galactose, 0.75 M acid concentration, 170 °C temperature, and 40 min reaction time. The kinetic model was developed by first order pseudo-irreversible reaction. The results showed that the proposed model could capture the experimental data well. These results suggested that galactose, derived from macro- and micro-algae, can potentially be converted and applied for platform chemicals. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

 

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Keywords: C6-Sugar; Galactose; Levulinic Acid; Kinetics; Valorization
Funding: Ministry of Research and Technology/National Research and Innovation Agency (RISTEK-BRIN), Republic of Indonesia ; Ministry of Financial, Republic of Indonesia under contract BUDI LPDP scholarship

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