Uncovering the Culture of Osing People in Palatalizing the Consonant Clusters

Osing dialect is one of the Javanese dialects used in Banyuwangi, East Java. This dialect has a unique phenomenon called as palatalization that does not exist in other Javanese dialects called as palatalization. Palatalization is an assimilation process that involves the interaction of sounds triggering the palatal articulation. Commonly, palatalization involves two sounds that consist of a single consonant (target) and a single vowel (trigger) as the environment in its appearance. Different from the common palatalization phenomena, the Osing dialect has palatalization in consonant clusters form. In the Osing dialect, there are 21 consonant clusters but only few of the consonant clusters undergo the palatalization. This study aimed to identify the consonant clusters which undergo the palatalization and find the palatalization pattern. The analysis method that we used in this study is descriptive-qualitative method. In the analysis, we also provided a discussion by using generative phonology. The data used in this article were taken from the Osing speaker in Kemiren, Banyuwangi. The result of this analysis showed that the palatalization of consonant clusters happens when the cluster are constructed by two consonants which have voiced features and they are followed by the trigger sounds.


Introduction
Palatalization phenomena are rarely found in local languages in Indonesia. Luckily, the researchers found one dialect of Javanese that possesses the palatalization. Banyuwangi is a city with famous culture for example the tradition, art and the language. Commonly, people recognize the Banyuwangi inhabitants through their accent and the dialect that they use in communication. We can call the Banyuwangi inhabitants as Osing people. In daily communication Osing people uses Javanese language with a unique dialect that differs from other Javanese. The cultural characteristic that differs the Osing dialect with the other Javanese dialects is the palatalization. Palatalization in the Osing dialect has a uniqueness different from other palatalization phenomena because some of the palatalization happens in consonant clusters as the target of palatalization. Generally, the target sound in palatalization is a single consonant sound. The target is the object that undergoes the palatalization. Whereas, the trigger is the cause of palatalization. Here the researchers provided some previous research of palatalization from across languages and the previous research of Osing dialect to give some examples and explanation of palatalization.
The palatalization research across languages usually explained that the target palatalization as a single sound for example, the palatalization research conducted by Bateman (2007) in Romanian and Copyright ©2020, ISSN: 2598-3040 online 476 Tsawana languages, Dyk (2011) in Frisian language, Zaleska and Naranjo (2016) in Polish language and palatalization in Kirundi (Bantu) language by Kochetov (2016). Their research showed similar overview on the environment of palatalization. They focused on the characteristic element of consonant-vowel interaction. Based on the previous research, we found that the palatalization commonly happens in a single consonant followed by a vowel sound.
According to Bateman (2007), palatalization has two types: full palatalization and secondary palatalization. Full palatalization is a case of gestural blending resulting from high degrees of temporal overlap of tongue gestures, while secondary palatalization is a case of minimal temporal overlap of lips or tongue gestures. For example, /s/ changing into [ʃ], /z/ changing into [ʒ], or /ts/ changing into [tʃ] or [dʒ] in full palatalization while /p, b, d, and ɡ/ changing into [pʲ, bʲ, dʲ, and ɡʲ] in secondary palatalization. No research across languages discussed the palatalization in consonant clusters as the target in palatalization.
Some researchers also conducted the research of the Osing dialect but most of them just provided the general information of phonological aspects in the Osing dialect as in Budiono (2015) and Ashar (2018). Ashar (2018) conducted a preliminary study of Osing dialect and elucidated short discussion of palatalization. Budiono (2015) did not discuss the palatalization but some data in his research showed that the palatalization exists in the Osing dialect. Unlike, Budiono (2016) and Ashar (2018), Fajaryanto (2019) conducted a phonological study focused on palatalization. He observed the palatalization of liquid sounds in the Osing dialect. He discussed the inconsistency of palatalization in the Osing dialect especially the palatalization of liquid sounds [l] and [r]. Fajaryanto (2019) also provided valuable information of the target and trigger in the Osing dialect palatalization.
In this study, the researchers found that the consonant clusters in the Osing dialect have different rules of palatalization. As mentioned above, palatalization is commonly established by a target and a trigger sound. Here, we found that the form of consonant clusters affects the consistency of palatalization in the Osing dialect. This study also added the finding of inconsistency in palatalization proposed by Fajaryanto (2019). He found some inconsistencies of the target sounds (liquid consonants) of palatalization in the Osing dialect. Different from the previous research, this study aimed to find out the pattern of palatalization in the Osing dialect and show the distinctive feature of the target in the consonant clusters form. In addition, the use of generative phonology in this study with Osing dialect as the object is expected to give new insight for those interested in phonological research especially palatalization phenomena.

Method
The type of this study is qualitative-descriptive research. This method is beneficial to find the change of vocal cord. In addition, the researchers employed referential technique to explain the process of palatalization in the Osing dialect.

Findings
In this section, the researchers presented the finding of palatalization analysis. However, before elucidating the main point of the study, the researchers provide some information of the Osing phonology consist of the consonants, vowels, consonant clusters, trigger and target of palatalization.

The Consonants and Vowels in The Osing Dialect
To give some information toward Osing phonology, based on the previous researchers, the Osing dialect has 7 vowels and 20 consonants cited from (Ali, 2002: vi;Ashar, 2018). The consonants are /p, b, t, ʈ, d̪ , d, c, ɟ, ɡ, k, l, r, m, n, ŋ, ɲ, h, s, w  Of those consonants and vowels, there are only some of them that considered as the target and the trigger of the Osing dialect palatalization. The target and the triger of palatalization are explained in the next part. In this research, the researchers had transformed the phonetic symbols from Ali (2002) by using IPA symbols. The use of IPA symbols aimed to simplify the description of the analysis. Besides the familiarity of IPA symbols, the other reasons why the researchers employed IPA are 1) the IPA is a convention symbols used by many researchers to provide the phone transcription, 2) IPA has complete symbols and it is also completed by several diacritic symbols to modify the consonant and vowel presentations. To give clear understanding of consonants and vowels in Osing dialect, we adopted the vowels and consonants features from Hayes (2009: 14) and Odden (2005:141-148) Chen (1973) and Bhat (1978) explicitly mentioned that trigger is a term for the sounds that initiate the palatalization. In addition, they also mentioned some vowel sounds as the trigger in palatalization such as [i] or [e]. They bravely explained that the triggers in palatalization usually high front vowel sounds. In this research, we found different trigger sounds from (Chen, 1973) and Bhat (1978).

Trigger Sounds of The Osing Dialect Palatalization
We can consider in

Target Sounds of The Osing Dialect Palatalization
Target is a term in palatalization to call the sounds that undergo the changing feature or palatalized.
The changing can be the changing feature (full palatalization) or added by co articulation sound (secondary palatalization) (Bateman, 2007). Chen (1973) and Bhat (1978) explained that the target palatalization can be various and it should be different from one to another language or dialect. According to Chen (1973) and Bhat (1978), the targets in palatalization are consonants. The consonants from back to front or all places of articulation are possible to be palatalized.
There are 21 consonants in the Osing phonetic symbols (see voiced alveolar trill. The indication of some consonants as target in palatalization in the Osing dialect was found in (Ali, 2002). He mentioned several consonants as a single target palatalization without explaining the trigger sounds. Ashar (2018) also mentioned several consonants similar with Ali (2002). However, Ashar (2018) added that the palatalization usually happened when the targets are followed by [a] sound. Both of the researchers did not explain the characteristic of the target and the trigger sounds clearly. Fajaryanto (2019) explained the characteristics of the target and the trigger in the Osing dialect palatalization.  (1) to (4) show the palatalization form. The thing that we need to consider in the example is the vowels as the trigger sounds. Here, the researchers provided several data of the palatalization.
( The examples above attested that the palatalization established by single target followed by the trigger sound. Here, we found that the targets of palatalization are not only in a single target but also consonant cluster. The further discussion is in the following part.

The Consonant Clusters as Target of Palatalization
The  The palatalization in the Osing dialect does not happen between the consonants in the cluster but the palatalization happens in the consonant clusters followed by the trigger sounds. The palatalization appears in the closest consonant adjacent with the trigger. Here, the palatalization only happens in some of the consonant clusters. Therefore, we assumed that the palatalization in the cluster form is affected by the consonant sounds in the consonant cluster itself. The features of those sounds are similar in major feature, place of articulation and the manner of articulation. To give the detail information, the researcher provided some comparisons of the distinctive features of each consonant.

The Palatalization of Consonant Clusters in the Osing Dialect
The palatalization in the Osing dialect is similar with the secondary palatalization shown by Bateman (2007). The palatalization is symbolized by using superscript [ʲ]. Here, we need to remember that the basic pattern of palatalization is when the target sounds followed by the trigger sounds (Chen, 1973;Bhat, 1978;Bateman, 2007). Therefore, the researchers only provided several words containing the palatalization with the transcription especially the consonant clusters as the target of palatalization followed by the trigger . Therefore, the thing that needs to concern is the sound combinations of the consonant clusters.

The Phonological Rules of Consonant Cluster Palatalization
Based on the Batemans' category (2007)   [+coronal]. However, the /r/ is pronounced as [rʲ] which it has an additional [+pal] feature to show the palatalization feature.

Conclusions
The requirements of palatalization are different from one language to another. The palatalization is also caused by different aspect to classify the target and the trigger. In this case, the palatalization in the Osing dialect has a pattern that the target sounds followed by the trigger sounds.