Phonological Processes of English Loanwords From French: A Transformational Generative Phonology Approach

[Title: Phonological Processes of English Loanwords From French: A Transformational Generative Phonology Approach] English lexicon has borrowed from 84 languages with French as the most important donor (Bielenia-Grajewska, 2009). English borrowed a great number of lexicon from French in Norman Conquest period. French which had status as high language in a diglosia situation influenced English in superstate borrowing. The main reason for borrowing is to provide words from the source language variety when there is no suitable existing words in the target language (Rao, 2018). This paper aims at describing the phonological process in the English loanwords from French. The data were collected from two online dictionaries; Larousse Francais-Anglais Dictionary and Oxford Living Dictionary. The data are English loanwords from French enlisted under categories A and B in the dictionaries. The method used to analyze the data was distributional method. The results show that Assimilation occurs in 29 loanwords or 6.6% of the total process which makes Assimilation process the least in number of the total process. Neutralization covers 7.8% with 34 loanwords. Syllable Structure is undergone by 63 loanwords or 14.3% of the total process. Strengthening occurs in 117 loanwords or 26.7% of the total process. Weakening covers 43.6% of the total process with 191 loanwords. Therefore, Weakening is the phonological process most found in the study. Syllable Structure, and (4) Strengthening and Weakening. The results show that the phonological processes which tend to have the greatest number are Strengthening and Weakening. They cover more than half of the total process. Strengthening covers 26.7% and Weakening covers 43.6%. Therefore, in total, they make up 70.3% of the total process. Meanwhile, Assimilation becomes the least in number covering only 6.6% of all processes. The complete results can be seen in the table 1 below.


Introduction
Limited to economic discourse, Bielenia-Grajewska (2009) states that English's lexicon has borrowed from 84 languages, with French (25%) as the most important donor. English borrowed a great number of French lexicon in the 11th -12 th centuries (Hardini & Grange, 2016) or known as the Norman Conquest period. In the period, the arrival of a new Anglo-Norman rulling class in England inevitably transferred their everyday language to their official offices which resulted in Anglo-French became established alongside Latin language as the language of public state business and of the court (Singh, 2005).
At that time, French and English had different status. French was considered higher and English was lower.
The status of the two languages were inequal which resulted in superstate borrowing: French influenced English from above (Fischer: 2003). This brought about the emergence of English loanwords from French.
When a language takes words from other languages, the new words are called borrowings or loanwords (Darwish, 2015). Loanwords are not pronounced the same way as the words in the original language form. They undergo adaptation. The adaptation is to fit the different phonological system of the languages involved (Darwish, 2015). Phonological adaptation means there is a change in sound. The change in sound can be in forms of consonant insertion, vowel insertion, consonant coalescence, assimilation, neutralization, consonant deletion, vowel deletion, vowel reduction, diphthongization, etc.
The main reason for loaning according to Darwish (2015) is the need to acquire new vocabulary or lexical items for new places, things, and concepts. According to Ngom (2002), speakers sometimes borrow words that are not available in their own language, so that they can express an idea or concept. This is in line with Rao (2018) who states that the main reason for borrowing is to provide a word from the source language variety when there is no suitable existing word in the target language.

Literature Reviews
There are many researches about English loanwords and phonological process, some of which were conducted by Bielenia-Grajewska (2009), Darwish (2015), Sa'aida (2015), Li-na (2016), Rao (2018), Muslihah (2018), Arief (2019), and Satyanto & Nirmala (2020). Limiting the scope of the study into economic discourse, Bielenia-Grajewska (2009) conducted a study about the function of loanwords in English language of Economics. She discussed languages which have influenced English economic vocabulary, and domains which rely heavily on loanwords. In 2015, Darwish studied English loanwords from Arabic language. He discussed about conflicting views regarding the term loanwords, the amount of Arabic loanwords in English, and a historical preview from the first Arabic words in Old English until the latest words in the last decades by considering the factors involved in borrowing from Arabic to English.
Sa'aida (2015) studied the influence from English to Arabic. She conducted a study about aspects of the phonology of English loanwords in Jordanian Urban Arabic. She used three theories, namely Distinctive Feature (2005) by Oden, Moraic Theory (1989) by Hayes, and Metrical Stress Theory (1995). Li-na (2016) studied loanwords in modern English from 8 languages, summarized kinds of loanwords, and their features to help facilitate English learning in an effective way. Rao (2018) conducted a study about the significance of the words borrowed into English language. According to him, English as the language of primary source for the development of the society and the progress of science and technology, politics, culture, education, and economics still continues to expand its vocabulary by means of loawords from other languages. Muslihah (2018) studied process of loaning from English into Japanese. She found that there are 9 rules in the process of loaning from English to Japanese. Arief (2019) conducted a research about phonological processes in passive verb markers in Bahasa Bakumpai. The result show that the prefix which becomes the passive marker is -i and when it is attached to stems beginning with consonants, there are insertions of certain consonants. Satyanto and Nirmala (2020) [-voiced]. Without restricting to a certain discourse, the writers conduct this study on the phonological process of English loanwords from French, considering French as the most influential donor (Bielenia-Grajewska, 2009). Thus, the writers consider this study worth to be conducted.
The concept of phonological process in this study refers to Schane (1973). He states that in words formation by combining morphemes, the segments of neighboring morphemes become juxtaposed and sometimes undergo change. Such change is called phonological process. Phonological process is categorized into four, namely (1) Assimilation, (2) Syllable Structure, (3) Weakening and Strengthening, and (4) Neutralization. Assimilation is where segments become more alike. In assimilatory processes, a segment takes on features from a neighboring segment. Syllable Structure is where there is alteration in the distribution of consonants and vowels. Weakening and Strengthening are where segments are modified according to their position in the word, and Neutralization is where segments merge in a particular environment.
Transformational Generative Phonology is a phonological theory developed from Transformational Generative Grammar by Chomsky in 1957 and 1965. Transformational Generative Phonology looks at phoneme as distinctive features (Schane, 1973). This view is supported by Oden (2005) who saw the need to have a tool to describe every feature in the phonological system.
The theory of distinctive features applied in this paper refers to Schane (1973). In this theory, there is a small set of universal properties, whose properties are phonetically based and used in phonological analysis (Sa'aida, 2015). Sa'aida (2015) adds that this theory works by having each feature assigned one of two values, plus or minus, to a segment based on phonetic properties. According to Schane (1973) This paper aims at describing the phonological process of English loanwords from French with the distinctive features theory proposed by Schane (1973).

Research Method
This paper used quantitative and qualitative approaches. The data were taken from two online dictionaries; Larousse Francais-Anglais Dictionary and Oxford Living Dictionary. The data were the English loanwords from French enlisted under categories A and B. In collecting the data, the writer used observation method and note-taking technique. The method used to analyze the data was distributional method. In distributional method, the defining factors are the language itself (Sudaryanto, 2015).

Results and Discussions
The total data gathered were 438 words. The data were English loanwords from French enlisted under category A and B in the dictionaries. The loanwords then were classified into 4 phonological processes namely (1) Assimilation, (2) Neutralization, (3) Syllable Structure, and (4) Strengthening and Weakening.
The results show that the phonological processes which tend to have the greatest number are Strengthening and Weakening. They cover more than half of the total process. Strengthening covers 26.7% and Weakening covers 43.6%. Therefore, in total, they make up 70.3% of the total process. Meanwhile, Assimilation becomes the least in number covering only 6.6% of all processes. The complete results can be seen in the table 1 below.

Assimilation
Assimilation covers the least precentage which is 6.6% with 29 loanwords. From the loanwords in this

Neutralization
In this study, neutralization is the process undergone by 34 loanwords or 7.8% of the total process.
According to Schane (1973:61) nasalized vowels are neutralized in French. Thus, English loanwords from French with nasalized vowels are considered to undergo neutralization. Therefore, the following sample are categorized as vowel neutralization processes.

Syllable Structure
With 63 loanwords, syllable structure covers 14.3% of all processes. In this process, the writers found that there are five kind of it. They are (1) consonant insertion, (2) consonant deletion, (3) vowel insertion, (4) vowel deletion and (5) major class change. The samples can be seen as follows.

Consonant insertion
The sample below shows the insertion of consonant [h] in the English loanwords.
The rule states that consonant [d] is inserted when it appears in the first syllable followed by consonant [v].
Below is another sample of consonant insertion process.

Consonant deletion
The sample below demonstrate the process of consonant deletion. In this process, consonant [r] is deleted.  (Price, 2005;124).

Vowel insertion
Below is a sample for vowel insertion process.

Vowel deletion
The followings is the sample for vowel deletion process.  [Price, 2005: 112). Dark [l] has a quality rather similar to [u], with the back of the tongue raised (Roach, 2009).

Strengthening and Weakening
The explanation of these processes is seperated for the sake of clarity. Strengthening will be explained first and weakening will be second. Strengthening is devided into vowel shift and diphtongization. Meanwhile, weakening is divided into vowel reduction and apocope.

Strengthening
Covering 26.7% of the total process, strengthening occurs to 117 words. The sample can be seen below.

Weakening
Covering almost half of the total process, weakening is undergone by 191 loanwords. This means 43.6% of all processes in the study undergo weakening process.

Vowel reduction
The sample below shows the process of vowel reduction.

Sample 19
[ According to Schane (1973), in English, unstressed vowels reduce into schwa. From the sample above, we can see that vowel [a] reduces into [ə] when it occurs without stress in the initial position. The followings is the rule of the vowel reduction process.