DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/alj.v4i1.172%20-%20190

Exploration of The Interplay Between Tourism, Global Warming And Health In Nigeria

*Musediq Olufemi Lawal orcid  -  Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Osun State University, Nigeria
Kenneth Young Irhue  -  Department of Political Science and International Relations, Faculty of Social Sciences, Osun State University, Nigeria

Citation Format:
Abstract

Abstract

 

It is obvious that tourism development has not been given serious attention in Nigeria, still the likely implications of global warming on it cannot be ignored. It is in view of this that this paper is exploring ways by which the two phenomena have been affecting each other.  Using Nigeria as a case, the implications of this on the health of the populace was given attention in the study. The change in the nature of the climate was mentioned as inevitable, so also is the possibility of this influencing the graceful spread of diseases among the populace. In the process, negative manifestation of warmer climate like increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses and death besides the worsen conditions for air quality was noted. Probable increase in the frequency and strength of extreme events (such as floods, droughts, and storms) that threaten human safety and health were highlighted and discussed.  The paper brought to the fore, the inherent benefits of tourism when it takes a sustainable approach, which include simultaneous control of ravaging global warming.  In view of this, the paper made case for sustainable tourism and jettisoning of traditional ideas of tourism development for optimization of the benefits inherent therein.

 

Keywords: Global Warming, Tourism, Ecotourism, Conservation, Greenhouse Effect

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Global Warming, Tourism, Ecotourism, Conservation, Greenhouse Effect

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
Tinjauan Terhadap Kesejahteraan Pekerja Alih Daya di Perusahaan Perbankan Urgensi Sertipikat Tanah Elektronik Dalam Sistem Hukum Pendaftaran Tanah di Indonesia Democracy Mirror: Voter Participation Increasing or Decreasing? The case of the 2020 Pandeglang Regional Election in the Middle of Covid 19 More recent articles
  1. Adeyefa, Z.D. (1995), The Possible effects of global warming and climate change on Savanna crops, in Afolayan T.A., E.O. Wangari, A.O. Isichei, E.A. Agbelusi, O.A. Fagbenro, S.O. Akindele, Z.D. Adeyefa and A.O. Olufayo (eds.), Impact of Human Activities on West African Savanna, UNESCO-Dakar/MAB National Committee-Nigeria (Proceedings of the Regional Training Workshop held at The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, 23 – 26 July), pp. 168-169
  2. Adeyemo, A.I. (1995), Nature Conservation: A tool for the development of Nigeria tourist Industry, in Afolayan T.A., E.O. Wangari, A.O. Isichei, E.A. Agbelusi, O.A. Fagbenro, S.O. Akindele, Z.D. Adeyefa and A.O. Olufayo (eds.), Impact of Human Activities on West African Savanna, UNESCO-Dakar/MAB National Committee-Nigeria (Proceedings of the Regional Training Workshop held at The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, 23 – 26 July), p. 147
  3. Akpabio, I. (2007), Hospitality Industry in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges in Tourism Development (Part 3), African Hospitality and Tourism, Vol. 11, No. 3
  4. Alderman, K., Turner, L.R. and Tong, S. (2012), Floods and human health: A systematic review, Environment International, 47:37–47 (June)
  5. Allaby M., (2014), Environmental Issues: Climate Change Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica
  6. Allen, M.R., Dube, O.P., Solecki, W., Aragón-Durand, F., Cramer, W., Humphreys, S., Kainuma, M., Kala, J., Mahowald, N., Mulugetta, Y., Perez, R., Wairiu, M. and Zickfeld, K. (2018) Framing and Context, in Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pörtner, H., Roberts, O.D., Skea, J., Shukla, P.R., Pirani, A., Moufouma-Okia, W., Péan, C., Pidcock, R., Connors, S., Matthews, J.B.R., Chen, Y., Zhou, X., Gomis, M.I., Lonnoy, E., Maycock, T., Tignor, M. and Waterfield, T. (eds.) Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty (In Press), accessed at https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_Chapter1_Low_Res.pdf on 25/05/2019
  7. Awake (2008), Global Warming: Is Planet Earth in Peril?, Awake, August
  8. Azar, C., Lindgren, K., Larson, E.D. and Möllersten, K. (2006), Carbon capture and storage from fossil fuels and biomass – Costs and potential role in stabilizing the atmosphere, Climatic Change, 74 (1–3): 47–79
  9. Bankole, A.S. and G.B. Odularu (2006), Achieving the Millennium Development Goals: Issues and Options for the Nigeria’s Tourism Industry, Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 4(3):429-430
  10. Bramwell, B. (ed.) (1990), Shades of Green: Working Towards Green Tourism in the Countryside. London: English Tourist Board
  11. Bramwell, B. and Lane, B. (1993), Sustainable tourism: An evolving global approach, Journal of Sustainable Tourism 1 (1), 1—5
  12. Canadell, J.G., Le Quere, C., Raupach, M.R., Field, C.B., Buitenhuis, E.T., Ciais, P., Conway, T.J., Gillett, N.P., Houghton, R.A. and Marland, G. (2007), Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity and efficiency of natural sinks, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 104 (47): 18866–70
  13. Conservation International (2013), Economic Incentives, accessed at http://www.conservation.org/learn/culture/communities/Pages/incentives.aspx on 14/04/2019
  14. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, 2004), Guidelines on Biodiversity and Tourism Development, Montreal, Canada: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Biodiversity
  15. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, 2010), Global Biodiversity Outlook 3, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal,
  16. Cook, J., Nuccitelli, D., Green, S.A., Richardson, M., Winkler, B.R., Painting, R., Way, R., Jacobs, P. and Skuce, A. (2013), Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature, Environmental Research Letters, 8 (2): 024024
  17. Davis, S.J. and Caldeira, K. (2010), Consumption-based Accounting of CO2 Emissions, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107 (12): 5687-5692
  18. Dimitrios, D, (2010), The Concept of Ecotourism: Evolution and Trends, Current Issues in Tourism 2(2):93-122
  19. Duxbury, N., Bakas, F.E., de Castro, T.V. and Silva, S. (2021), Creative Tourism Development Models towards Sustainable and Regenerative Tourism, Sustainability,13:2
  20. Egbuewu, F. (2007), Nigeria: The Challenge of Culture and Tourism Development, African Hospitality and Tourism, Vol. 11, No. 3, p. 37
  21. Encarta (2008), Factors threatening the Environment, Microsoft Student 2008 [DVD], Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation
  22. Encyclopædia Britannica (2014), Global warming, Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite, Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica
  23. English Tourist Board (1991), Tourism and the Environment: Maintaining the Balance London: English Tourist Board
  24. Epstein, P. R. and Ferber, D. (2011b), Sobering Predictions, Changing Planet, Changing Health: How the Climate Crisis Threatens Our Health and what We Can Do about it, University of California Press. pp. 62–79
  25. Epstein, P.R. (2001), Climate change and emerging infectious diseases, Microbes and Infection 3: 747–754
  26. Epstein, P.R. and Ferber, D. (2011a), The Mosquito's Bite, Changing Planet, Changing Health: How the Climate Crisis Threatens Our Health and What We Can Do about It, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press, pp. 29–61
  27. Epstein, P.R. and Ferber, D. (2011c), Storms and Sickness, Changing Planet, Changing Health: How the Climate Crisis Threatens Our Health and what We Can Do about it, University of California Press, pp. 161–178
  28. Evans, K.M. (2005), The Greenhouse effect and Climate Change, The environment: a revolution in attitudes, Detroit: Thomson Gale
  29. Ezirigwe, A. (2008), Tourism and the Challenges of Climate Change, National Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 2(1):22
  30. Fajemilehin, B.A.R. (2009), Caring, Health and Longevity (Obafemi Awolowo University Inaugural Lecture Series 221), Ile-Ife: Obafemi Awolowo University Press Limited pp. 1-2
  31. Friel, S., Dangour, A.D., Garnett, T., Lock, K., Chalabi, Z., Roberts, I., Butler, A., Butler, C.D., Waage, J., McMicheal, A.J. and Haines, A. (2009), Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: Food and Agriculture, The Lancet, 374 (9706): 2016–2025
  32. Gamble, J.L., Ebi, K.L., Sussman, F.G. and Wilbanks, T.J. (2008), Analysis of the effects of Global Change on human health and welfare and human systems, in Gamble, J.L. (ed.), Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
  33. Greenwood, B.M., Bojang, K., Whitty, C.J. and Targett, G.A. (2005), Malaria, Lancet 365 (9469): 1487–1498,
  34. Hall, C.M. and Coles, T. (2008), Conclusion: Mobilities of Commerce, in Coles, T. and Hall, C.M. (eds.) International Business and Tourism: Global Issues, Contemporary Interactions, London: Routledge, 1-26
  35. Hamilton, Alan (2006), Plant Conservation: An Ecosystem Approach. London: Earthscan, pp. 37–39
  36. Hawkes, S. and Williams, P. (1993), The Greening of Tourism: From Principles to Practice. Burnaby, British Columbia: Simon Fraser University Press
  37. Hecht, Alan D. (2014), Past, Present and Future: Urgency of Dealing with Climate Change, Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 4:779-95
  38. Hunter, P.R. (2003), Climate change and waterborne and vector-borne disease, Journal of Applied Microbiology 94: 37S–46S
  39. Hussain, A.; Fusté-Forné, F. (2021), Post-Pandemic Recovery: A Case ofDomestic Tourism in Akaroa (South Island, New Zealand), World, 2: 127–138. https://doi.org/10.3390/world2010009
  40. Karl, T.R., Melillo, J.M. and Peterson, T.C. (eds) (2009), Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, United States Global Change Research Program. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA
  41. Kristjanson, P., Neufeldt, H., Gassner, A., Mango, J., Kyazze, F.B., Desta, S., Sayula, G., Thiede, B., Förch, W., Thornton, P.K. and Coe, R. (2012), Are food insecure smallholder households making changes in their farming practices? Evidence from East Africa, Food Security, 4 (3): 381–397
  42. Lane B. (2005), Sustainable Rural Tourism Strategies: A Tool for Development and Conservation, Interamerican Journal of Environment and Tourism, Vol. 1, No. 1 (August)
  43. León-Gómez, A., Ruiz-Palomo, D., Fernández-Gámez, M.A. and García-Revilla, M.R. (2021), Sustainable Tourism Development and Economic Growth: Bibliometric Review and Analysis. Sustainability, 13, 2270. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042270
  44. McMichael, A.J., Woodruff, R.E. and Hales, S. (2006), Climate change and human health: present and future risks, The Lancet 367 (9513): 859–869
  45. Mia, S., Begum, R.A., Er, A.C., Abidin, R.Z. and Pereira, J.J. (2010), Malaria and Climate Change: Discussion on Economic Impacts, American Journal of Environmental Sciences 7 (1): 73–82
  46. Mirsanjari, M.M. and Mirsanjari, M. (2012), The role of biodiversity for sustainable environment, International Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (3): 71–86
  47. Mishakin, T.S., Razumovskaya, E.M., Berdnikova, O.A. and Ivanov, S.E. (2015), Prospects and Trends of Tourist Destination Development as exemplified in the Republic of Tatarstan (4th World Conference on Business, Economics and Management, WCBEM), Procedia Economics and Finance 26, pp. 859-861
  48. Mora, C. (2013), The projected timing of Climate departure from recent variability, Nature, 502 (7470): 183-87
  49. Muhammad, A., +Hussain, M., Ahmad, M.S.A., Al-Quariny, F. and Hameed, M. (2012), Strategies for Conservation of endangered ecosystems. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44 (Special Issue): 1–6
  50. National Research Council (NRC, 2010), Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change, National Research Council, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA
  51. Okharedia, A.A. (2017), Promoting tourism in Developing Economies: Challenges and Prospects, African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 6(1):1-5
  52. Page, S. J. (2009), Current issue in Tourism: The evolution of travel medicine research: A new research agenda for tourism? Tourism Management, 30:149-157
  53. Pielke, R.A. Jr. (2014), The Kyoto Protocol: What Next?, Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite, Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica
  54. Poon, A. (2007), An Approach to Sustainable Tourism Development in Africa, African Hospitality and Tourism, 11(2):31-32
  55. Postelnicu, Cătălin and Dan-Cristian Dabija (2016), Challenges and Development Prospects for Tourism in Romania, Ecoforum, 5(1)(8):86
  56. RAND (2000), Population and Environment – A Complex Relationship (A RAND Program of Policy-Relevant Research Communication) accessed at http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB5045/index1.html on 21/04/2019
  57. Rayamajhi, S. (2012), Tourism and Climate Change: A Study of the Perceptions of Stakeholders along the Annapurna Trekking Trail, Nepal Tourism and Development Review 2: 60-86
  58. Reiter, P. (2001), Climate Change and Mosquito-Borne Disease, Environmental Health Perspectives 109 (1): 141–161
  59. Roe, D. and P. Urquhart (2001), Pro-Poor Tourism: Harnessing the World’s Largest Industry for the World’s Poor, Opinion: World Summit on Sustainable Development, UK: International Institute for Environment and Development (May)
  60. Scott, D., Gossling, S. and Hall, M. (2012), International tourism and Climate change, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 3:213-232 (May/June)
  61. The Nature Conservancy (2004), What is Ecotourism?, accessed at http://www.nature.org/exclude/print.php 22/01/2019
  62. Thornton, P.K., van de Steeg, J., Notenbaert, A. and Herrero, M. (2009), The impacts of climate change on livestock and livestock systems in developing countries: A review of what we know and what we need to know, Agricultural Systems. 101 (3): 113–127
  63. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USAEPA, 2006), Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants (2006 Final), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
  64. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USAEPA, 2010), Our Nation’s Air: Status and Trends through 2008, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-454/R -09-002
  65. United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (UNCSD, 1999), ‘Tourism and Sustainable Development/Sustainable Tourism: A Non-Governmental Organization Perspective’ UNCSD NGO Steering Committee, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York, Seventh Session, Background Paper #4, April 19 – 30,
  66. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP, 2018), Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update (Nigeria), accessed at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/NGA.pdf on 21/05/2019,
  67. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP, 2002), Sustainable Development of Tourism: Conceptual Definition, accessed at http://www.uneptie.org/pc/tourism/sust-tourism/concept-definition.htm on 14/01/2019
  68. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP, 2006), Chemicals Management, Tourism and the Environment (Policy Issues on Energy and Environment), Ninth special session of the Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum, Dubai 7–9 February, Item 5 (a), (b) and (c) of the provisional agenda (UNEP/GCSS.IX/1)
  69. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP, 2008), Climate Change and Tourism: Responding to Global Challenges (Summary), accessed at http://www.uneptic.org/pcc/tourism/sust-tourism/env-global.htm on 19/01/2019
  70. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP, nd), Environmental Impacts of Tourism at the Global level, accessed at http://www.uneptie.org/pc/tourism/sust-tourism/env-global.htm on 11/02/2019
  71. United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO, 2017), UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2017 Edition, World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 1 July, pp. 27-30
  72. United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO, 2018), UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2018 Edition, World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 24 August, pp. 91-97
  73. Van Dijk, P., Zhang, J., Jun, W., Kuenzer, C. and Wolf, K.H. (2011), Assessment of the contribution of in-situ combustion of coal to greenhouse gas emission; based on a comparison of Chinese mining information to previous remote sensing estimates, International Journal of Coal Geology, 86 (1 Special Issue RS/GIS): 108–19
  74. World Health Organization (WHO, 2019), World Health Statistics Overview 2019: Monitoring Health for SDGs, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation, p. 2
  75. World Health Organization (WHO, 2017), Climate Change and Health 2017, accessed at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs266/en/ on 27/04/2019
  76. WorldPaper (1997), Tourism destroys Tourism (WorldDiary, September, 1996), accessed at http://www.worldpaper.com/Sept96/diary996.html on 02/03/2019

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update:

No citation recorded.